What is probability? 1. A probability is always between 0 and 1 2. Compute a probability 3. Complement of an event 4. Union of two events 5. Intersection of two events 6. Independence of two events 7. Conditional probability Bayes’ theorem Example 8. Accuracy measures False negatives False positives Sensitivity Specificity Positive predictive value Negative predictive value 9. Counting techniques Multiplication ...

What is probability? 1. A probability is always between 0 and 1 2. Compute a probability 3. Complement of an event 4. Union of two events 5. Intersection of two events 6. Independence of two events 7. Conditional probability Bayes’ theorem Example 8. Accuracy measures False negatives False positives Sensitivity Specificity Positive predictive value Negative predictive value 9. Counting techniques Multiplication ...

Introduction Null and alternative hypothesis Hypothesis testing Different versions of the Student’s t-test How to compute Student’s t-test by hand? Scenario 1: Independent samples with 2 known variances Scenario 2: Independent samples with 2 equal but unknown variances Scenario 3: Independent samples with 2 unequal and unknown variances Scenario 4: Paired samples where the variance ...

Introduction Null and alternative hypothesis Hypothesis testing Different versions of the Student’s t-test How to compute Student’s t-test by hand? Scenario 1: Independent samples with 2 known variances Scenario 2: Independent samples with 2 equal but unknown variances Scenario 3: Independent samples with 2 unequal and unknown variances Scenario 4: Paired samples where the variance ...

Introduction Correlation matrix Correlogram Correlation test Code {lares} package All possible correlations Correlation of one variable against all others Reference Introduction Correlation, often computed as part of descriptive statistics, i...

Introduction Correlation matrix Correlogram Correlation test Code Photo by Pritesh Sudra Introduction Correlation, often computed as part of descriptive statistics, is a statistical tool used to study the relationship between two variables, ...

R Markdown: what, why and how? Before you start Components of a .Rmd file YAML header Code chunks Text Code inside text Highlight text like it is code Images Tables Additional notes and useful resources If you have spent some time writing cod...

R Markdown: what, why and how? Before you start Components of a .Rmd file YAML header Code chunks Text Code inside text Images Tables Additional notes and useful resources Photo by Jon Tyson If you have spent some time writing code in R, you probably have heard of generating dynamic ...

What is clustering analysis? Application 1: Computing distances Solution k-means clustering Application 2: k-means clustering Data kmeans() with 2 groups Quality of a k-means partition nstart for several initial centers kmeans() with 3 groups Manual application and verification in R Solution by hand Solution in R Hierarchical clustering Application 3: hierarchical clustering Data Solution by ...

What is clustering analysis? Application 1: Computing distances Solution k-means clustering Application 2: k-means clustering Data kmeans() with 2 groups Quality of a k-means partition nstart for several initial centers and better stability kmeans() with 3 groups Optimal number of clusters Elbow method Silhouette method Gap statistic method NbClust() Visualizations Manual application and verification ...

What is a R package and how to use it? Inefficient way to install and load R packages More efficient way Most efficient way {pacman} package {librarian} package What is a R package and how to use it? Unlike other programs, only fundamental fu...

What is a normal distribution? Empirical rule Parameters Probabilities and standard normal distribution Areas under the normal distribution in R and by hand Ex. 1 In R By hand Ex. 2 In R By hand Ex. 3 In R By hand Ex. 4 In R By hand Ex. 5 Why is the normal distribution so ...

What is a normal distribution? Empirical rule Parameters Probabilities and standard normal distribution Areas under the normal distribution in R and by hand Ex. 1 In R By hand Ex. 2 In R By hand Ex. 3 In R By hand Ex. 4 In R By hand Ex. 5 Why...

Introduction Hypotheses Example Data Observed frequencies Expected frequencies Fisher’s exact test in R Conclusion and interpretation References Introduction After presenting the Chi-square test of independence by hand and in R, this article ...

Introduction Example Data Chi-square test of independence Conclusion and interpretation Introduction This article explains how to perform the Chi-square test of independence in R and how to interpret its results. To learn more about how the test works and how to do it by hand, I invite you to read ...

Introduction Data Chi-square test of independence in R Conclusion and interpretation Combination of plot and statistical test Introduction This article explains how to perform the Chi-square test of independence in R and how to interpret its r...

What are RStudio addins? Installation Addins Esquisse Questionr Recoding factors Reordering factors Categorize a numeric variable Remedy Styler Snakecaser ViewPipeSteps Ymlthis Reprex Blogdown What are RStudio addins? Although I have been us...

What are RStudio addins? Installation Addins Esquisse Questionr Recoding factors Reordering factors Categorize a numeric variable Remedy Styler Snakecaser Blogdown What are RStudio addins? Although I have been using RStudio for several years, I only recently discovered RStudio addins. Since then, I am using these addins almost every time I ...