Estimates of population parameters based on samples are not exact: there is always some error involved. In principle, one can estimate a population parameter with any estimator, but some will be better than others. There is one particular case which was always very confusing to me (because of the multiple ...

Maximum likelihood estimates of a distribution Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is a method to estimate the parameters of a random population given a sample. I described what this population means and its relationship to the sample in a previous post. Before we can look into MLE, we first need to ...

tl;dr: P-values are tail probabilities calculated from the sampling distribution of a sample-based statistic. This sampling distribution will depend on the size of the sample, the statistic being calculated and assumptions about the random population from which the data could have been sampled. For a few cases, analytical p-values ...