Over the past thirty years I have written five technical books, co-written three others, and edited a further six. Since 2007 they have all lived in GitHub repositories, as did the first versions of the Software Carpentry lessons that I helped to write.

A few months ago I wrote about the GitHub issue labels I use for writing projects like these. As I put that post together, I realized that I wasn’t actually using all of the labels I had created, and that the problem of choosing good labels for a mixture of code and prose is more complicated than it seems.

1. Labels level

GitHub only allows one set of labels per project, which means that the labels you would want to apply to issues are in the same pile as labels you’d want to apply to pull requests (PRs). This overlap quickly leads to confusion: “bug” is the right label for an issue reporting a problem, but doesn’t feel appropriate for the PR that fixes the problem. (“Wait, is this PR adding a bug?”) Most projects use two different labels (e.g., “bug” and “fix”), but after going back and forth, I’ve settled on “fix” to mean both “Please fix this” (in an issue) and “This contains a fix” (in a PR).

2. Default labels

By default, GitHub provides nine labels for issues and PRs. Fully a third of these—duplicate, invalid, and wontfix—describe reasons to close an issue or discard a PR. That seems excessive to me, and I feel it’s polite to add a sentence or two of explanation as a comment. (You have to do this anyway when marking an issue or PR as duplicate to point at what it’s duplicating.)

Note: I find it a bit ironic that GitHub provides three ways to say “no” but none for saying “yes”. If I was going to use labels to mark closed issues, I would include resolved and/or merged.

Also note: English doesn’t have an antonym for “mistake”, i.e., we don’t have a single word that means, “A thing done well.” We sometimes say “a score” or “a win” to mean this, but those are the outcome, not the act itself. I sometimes wonder what this absence says about English speakers’ view of the world…

3. License

When you create a new project on GitHub, you can select any of several widely-used licenses. However, all of those licenses apply to code: the Creative Commons licenses for prose (written work) aren’t offered. I always wind up writing a custom LICENSE.md to say that all of the written material is made available under the CC-BY-NC-4.0 license while the software is made available under the MIT License.

I mention this here because I find other things missing as well for writing projects. One of GitHub’s default issue labels is “documentation”, but I don’t think the prose in a lesson or chapter is documentation of code: the code is there to support the writing.

Custom Labels System

So here’s what I’m using in my current writing projects:

In more detail:

• add, change, and fix are meant to be mutually exclusive
• code and prose can be used together (e.g., a new lesson adds both)
• discussion and governance are for project management
• tooling is used for the build system, page templates, etc.
• task is something that needs to be done once (e.g., “publish a release”)
• good first issue is there because we want people to feel welcome

I’d enjoy hearing about what you’re using—please email me if you’d like to start a conversation.