58 years later …

      I recently applied this strategy with a problem posed by my beloved Bryant High School math teacher Anthony Holman. However, he posed it in 1966, so it took me 58 years before I had any insight. Unfortunately, Mr. Holman passed away in 1985, so I never had the opportunity to discuss this with him.

      In calculus class Mr. Holman taught us about e, sometimes called Euler’s number, which is the base of the natural log function. He told us e, like π , would appear in many unlikely places in math, and of course he was right. Then he hypothesized that e and π and other famous irrational numbers were probably part of the great works of art like the Mona Lisa.

      That was the only time I remember him making that statement. I had no idea how to approach it. This was 1966, long before computers, even mainframe computers, were readily available to the public. I forgot about his statement for about 55 years.

      More recently I have been programming in R, and I have learned a little about computer images. A computer image can be represented as an array of many small elements called pixels, and every pixel is a base 16 number of the hex code of that pixel’s color. I decided to interpret Mr. Holman’s hypothesis as whether a finite sequence of the digits of a number like π were contained within the pixel hex code of the Mona Lisa. I decided to separately test four famous irrational numbers: π, e, φ, and √2.

      I am making a few assumptions here. An irrational number is an infinite, non-repeating decimal. I can not test whether an infinite sequence of digits appears within some other sequence of numbers. So I am truncating these irrational numbers to ten decimal places each, which I think is sufficient for this exercise. The tenth decimal place is truncated, not rounded. Of course the test may pass at ten decimal places and then fail at the eleventh.

      Another assumption is that I have a sufficiently high-quality image of the original Mona Lisa. The painting was completed in approximately 1517. It has aged and there has been some physical restoration. A computer image is the result of a photograph, and these photographs also contain some digital retouching. So the result may not be equivalent to the original. Finally, there is a variety of available resolutions including one that has a size of 90 MB. I do not have sufficient computer memory to handle that file size and the calculations of a file that large.

      I am also assuming it is sufficient to do this problem with just the Mona Lisa.

      In my first attempt, I was able to get the base 16 number of the hex code of every pixel of my Mona Lisa file. The file looks like this for the first six pixels. I show each pixel’s base 16 hex code and its base 10 decimal equivalent.

      I decided the first attempt was faulty. The Mona Lisa was created in a base 10 world, and it didn’t make sense to force the irrationals into an artificial base 16 comparison.

      In my second attempt, I converted each base 16 pixel to base 10, to compare against base 10 irrationals. I think this is a more natural comparison, and if an irrational is going to be contained in a larger sequence then it would be as a base ten irrational.

      Unfortunately this also failed for each of the four irrationals. So sadly, I can not confirm Mr. Holman’s hypothesis. Maybe I should let this problem sit for a few more years and come back when I have a fresh idea (or when I buy a computer with more memory). Maybe Mr. Holman has solved it in Heaven. Nevertheless, I’m sure he is smiling at my efforts.

      The following is my R code:

# Mona Lisa problem matching base 10 codes
library(imager)
# url1 is huge: 89.9 MB; url2 is 70 KB.
# use url2 unless you have a lot of memory.

url1 <- "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg"
url2 <- "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/402px-Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg"
img <- load.image(url2)
plot(img)

img_data <- as.data.frame(img)
head(img_data) # x, y, cc(color channel: r, g, b, transparent), intensity (normalized 0,1)
dim(img_data) # 722,394 x 4
library(dplyr)
img_data <- arrange(img_data, x, y, cc)

# Pivot the data to wide format so each pixel has its R, G, B values in separate columns
library(tidyr)
img_wide <- pivot_wider(img_data, names_from = cc, values_from = value, values_fill = list(value = 0)) # # If there are missing values, fill them with 0
dim(img_wide) # 240,798 x 5

# Convert normalized values to 0-255 range
img_wide$R <- img_wide$`1` * 255
img_wide$G <- img_wide$`2` * 255
img_wide$B <- img_wide$`3` * 255

# Convert RGB values to hexadecimal format
img_wide$hex <- rgb(img_wide$R, img_wide$G, img_wide$B, maxColorValue = 255)
img_wide$hex <- gsub('#', '', img_wide$hex)

# Convert hex values to decimal format
library(Rmpfr) # extended floating point computations
options(scipen = 999)
img_wide$dec <- as.numeric(mpfr(img_wide$hex, base=16))

# Check the structure of img_wide
head(img_wide)
# Concatenate dec values into a single string
dec_string <- paste(img_wide$dec, collapse = "")
nchar(dec_string) # 1701600

test_value1 <- "04111665813" # starts in position 2
pi_base10 <- "31415926535" # https://www.angio.net/pi/digits/50.txt 10 decimal places, truncated not rounded
e_base10 <- "27182818284" # https://www.i4cy.com/euler/
phi_base10 <- "16180339887" # https://nerdparadise.com/math/reference/phi10000
root_two_base10 <- "14142135623" # https://nerdparadise.com/math/reference/2sqrt10000

# Check if the dec string contains the digits of pi, e, phi, root 2

check_irrational <- function(value, name) {
if (grepl(value, dec_string)) {
cat(“The first ten digits of”, name, “are present in the pixel data.\n”)
start_position <- regexpr(value, dec_string)
cat(“The match starts at position:”, start_position, “\n”)
} else {
cat(“The first ten digits of”, name, “are not present in the pixel data.”)
}
}

check_irrational(test_value1, “test1”)
check_irrational(pi_base10, “π”)
check_irrational(e_base10, “e”)
check_irrational(phi_base10, “φ”)
check_irrational(root_two_base10, “√2”)

options(scipen = 0)