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Let’s Talk About the Weather

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A while ago I made some plots I really liked, but I never made a blog post about them. Then the data source stopped working and I couldn’t make them again. Now there’s a new data source, so it’s time for a post about some weather data!

Way back in the mid 2010s I was interested in getting my hands on some weather data to answer a question I had. In Australia we have the Bureau of Meteorology (“don’t call it ‘the bom’”) which has been keeping track of weather data for a very long time (on the scale of colonial Australia). They don’t have an official API to get to that data, they have a website that doesn’t use HTTPS – if you have a link to a page on their site and try to visit in in any modern browser which assumes you want to use HTTPS, you’ll see this page

The state of internet technology at the BoM

then be redirected to the landing page, regardless of where your link was trying to send you. They are working on improving this, and there’s a new https://beta.bom.gov.au/ which notes it’s a test website.

That rant aside, if you wanted some temperature data, you clicked your way through the interface on the website to specify a station and some settings, and eventually were presented with a tabular output of the data and the ability to export it as a .zip file containing an actual .csv plus a note file.

At the time, I was aware of a BoM-related R package {bomrang} by Adam Sparks, which began life at the rOpenSci AUUnconf in Brisbane, 2016 where I had the pleasure of meeting him. It didn’t have access to the weather data the way I wanted, but it had a lot of other cool functionality such as finding the closest station and fetching forecasts, radar imagery, and bulletins. I wasn’t able to use a package to get the data I wanted, so I had to figure something out myself.

I realised that the generated URL to that .zip file was parameterized, involving the station id, and some codes presumably representing what type of data was being fetched (temperature, rainfall, …). The codes themselves weren’t documented on the site, they were most likely only for internal use, but if I knew which one I wanted, I probably had enough information to get the full URL. With a bit of tinkering, I figured out the meaning of one of the codes (rain = 136, min_temp = 123, max_temp = 122, solar = 193) and could specify which one I wanted. There was still one more code in the URL, and I found a way to decode that via an additional URL query, at which point I could build the entire URL.

After that, I could programatically unpack the .zip with utils::unzip() and read in the .csv data. Thus, bomrang::get_historical_weather() was forged and introduced via a pull request.

Fast forward to 2021 and this function started failing – the data was available just fine via a browser, but was returning an error in R/RStudio. It turned out that changing the user-agent allowed for a brief period of access, but eventually the official statement was released

The Bureau is monitoring screen scraping activity on the site and will commence interrupting, and eventually blocking, this activity on www.bom.gov.au from Wednesday, 3 March 2021

and there was no way to get to the data nicely. This was extremely frustrating, especially since we (taxpayers) technically pay for this data.

All was not lost, however – Adam continued to develop package infrastructure and found a new resource in the form of SILO. Adam built a new package {weatherOz} and submitted a paper to JOSS including all the original authors as contributors to both – I can’t claim to have contributed to the new package, so I’m somewhat hopeful that a detailed blog post can help repay some of that kindness.

{weatherOz} has now been accepted onto CRAN (announcement) and so can be installed with

install.packages("weatherOz")

Adam also has a nice blog post exploring some temperature data here.

Now it’s my turn!

library(weatherOz)

There are many weather stations within capital cities, so I need to narrow down to just one. I can get the station information from SILO with

adl_stations <- get_stations_metadata(station_name = "Adelaide", which_api = "silo")
adl_stations
##    station_code                       station_name      start        end
## 1        014092         Adelaide River Post Office 1956-01-01 2024-07-27
## 2        023034                   Adelaide Airport 1955-01-01 2024-07-27
## 3        023005               Adelaide Glen Osmond 1883-01-01 2024-07-27
## 4        023096     Adelaide Hope Valley Reservoir 1979-01-01 2024-07-27
## 5        023732             Adelaide Morphett Vale 1886-01-01 2024-07-27
## 6        023098  Adelaide Morphettville Racecourse 1947-01-01 2024-07-27
## 7        023026                   Adelaide Pooraka 1876-01-01 2024-07-27
## 8        023023    Adelaide Salisbury Bowling Club 1870-01-01 2024-07-27
## 9        023024                    Adelaide Seaton 1912-01-01 2024-07-27
## 10       023000 Adelaide West Terrace Ngayirdapira 1839-01-01 2024-07-27
## 11       023011                     North Adelaide 1883-01-01 2024-07-27
##    latitude longitude state elev_m                      source status   wmo
## 1  -13.2373  131.1042    NT   52.5 Bureau of Meteorology (BOM)   open    NA
## 2  -34.9524  138.5196    SA    2.0 Bureau of Meteorology (BOM)   open 94672
## 3  -34.9464  138.6519    SA  128.0 Bureau of Meteorology (BOM)   open    NA
## 4  -34.8564  138.6844    SA  105.0 Bureau of Meteorology (BOM)   open    NA
## 5  -35.1351  138.5274    SA   92.0 Bureau of Meteorology (BOM)   open    NA
## 6  -34.9742  138.5425    SA   11.0 Bureau of Meteorology (BOM)   open    NA
## 7  -34.8324  138.6125    SA   21.0 Bureau of Meteorology (BOM)   open    NA
## 8  -34.7674  138.6434    SA   32.0 Bureau of Meteorology (BOM)   open    NA
## 9  -34.8965  138.5103    SA   10.0 Bureau of Meteorology (BOM)   open    NA
## 10 -34.9257  138.5832    SA   29.3 Bureau of Meteorology (BOM)   open 94648
## 11 -34.9163  138.5950    SA   26.0 Bureau of Meteorology (BOM)   open    NA

and I can select one of those – the station with code 023000 has a lot of data

ngayirdapira <- adl_stations[adl_stations$station_code == "023000", ]
dplyr::glimpse(ngayirdapira)
## Rows: 1
## Columns: 11
## $ station_code <fct> 023000
## $ station_name <chr> "Adelaide West Terrace Ngayirdapira"
## $ start        <date> 1839-01-01
## $ end          <date> 2024-07-27
## $ latitude     <dbl> -34.9257
## $ longitude    <dbl> 138.5832
## $ state        <chr> "SA"
## $ elev_m       <dbl> 29.3
## $ source       <chr> "Bureau of Meteorology (BOM)"
## $ status       <chr> "open"
## $ wmo          <dbl> 94648

The listed start date of the data is 1839-01-01 but trying to use that produces an error. I’ll start from the listed year of SILO data (1889).

Getting the actual data from SILO doesn’t technically need an API key, it just wants to know who is fetching the data, so asks that you use an email address as the key. I have that set as an environment variable. I’m also saving the data to disk since I don’t want to fetch it every time I edit this post as I’m writing it.

silo_data <- get_patched_point(
  station_code = ngayirdapira$station_code,
  start_date = "1889-01-01",
  end_date = ngayirdapira$end,
  values = "all",
  api_key = Sys.getenv("SILO_API_KEY")
)
saveRDS(silo_data, file = "adl_silo_data.rds")

There’s a lot of data here – along with the (air) temperature min and max, there are other measurements that I’m not interested in at the moment.

dplyr::glimpse(silo_data)
## Rows: 49,515
## Columns: 46
## $ station_code               <fct> 023000, 023000, 023000, 023000, 023000, 023…
## $ station_name               <chr> "Adelaide West Terrace Ngayirdapira", "Adel…
## $ year                       <dbl> 1889, 1889, 1889, 1889, 1889, 1889, 1889, 1…
## $ month                      <dbl> 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1…
## $ day                        <int> 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, …
## $ date                       <date> 1889-01-01, 1889-01-02, 1889-01-03, 1889-0…
## $ air_tmax                   <dbl> 34.2, 21.7, 21.6, 21.4, 20.2, 22.4, 24.8, 3…
## $ air_tmax_source            <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0…
## $ air_tmin                   <dbl> 22.0, 20.4, 13.3, 15.0, 12.8, 14.6, 12.6, 1…
## $ air_tmin_source            <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0…
## $ elev_m                     <chr> "29.3 m", "29.3 m", "29.3 m", "29.3 m", "29…
## $ et_morton_actual           <dbl> 1.9, 3.9, 4.8, 4.3, 4.1, 4.3, 4.0, 2.5, 1.3…
## $ et_morton_actual_source    <int> 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26,…
## $ et_morton_potential        <dbl> 11.0, 7.1, 6.4, 7.1, 6.5, 7.3, 7.7, 10.4, 1…
## $ et_morton_potential_source <int> 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26,…
## $ et_morton_wet              <dbl> 6.5, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.3, 5.8, 5.8, 6.5, 7.4…
## $ et_morton_wet_source       <int> 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26,…
## $ et_short_crop              <dbl> 6.9, 4.8, 4.5, 4.8, 4.5, 5.0, 5.3, 6.7, 7.9…
## $ et_short_crop_source       <int> 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26,…
## $ et_tall_crop               <dbl> 9.0, 5.8, 5.4, 5.9, 5.4, 6.0, 6.6, 8.8, 10.…
## $ et_tall_crop_source        <int> 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26,…
## $ evap_comb                  <dbl> 8.8, 5.9, 6.2, 6.4, 6.1, 6.5, 7.0, 8.7, 10.…
## $ evap_comb_source           <int> 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26,…
## $ evap_morton_lake           <dbl> 6.6, 5.6, 5.8, 5.9, 5.5, 6.0, 6.0, 6.6, 7.5…
## $ evap_morton_lake_source    <int> 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26,…
## $ evap_pan                   <dbl> 7.9, 8.0, 8.0, 8.1, 8.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.2, 8.2…
## $ evap_pan_source            <int> 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75,…
## $ evap_syn                   <dbl> 8.8, 5.9, 6.2, 6.4, 6.1, 6.5, 7.0, 8.7, 10.…
## $ evap_syn_source            <int> 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26,…
## $ extracted                  <date> 2024-07-27, 2024-07-27, 2024-07-27, 2024-0…
## $ latitude                   <dbl> -34.9257, -34.9257, -34.9257, -34.9257, -34…
## $ longitude                  <dbl> 138.5832, 138.5832, 138.5832, 138.5832, 138…
## $ mslp                       <dbl> 1013.8, 1013.9, 1014.1, 1014.5, 1014.5, 101…
## $ mslp_source                <int> 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75,…
## $ radiation                  <dbl> 24.1, 23.3, 25.8, 26.1, 25.3, 26.4, 26.5, 2…
## $ radiation_source           <int> 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35,…
## $ rainfall                   <dbl> 0.0, 58.4, 10.4, 0.3, 0.0, 0.3, 0.0, 0.0, 0…
## $ rainfall_source            <int> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0…
## $ rh_tmax                    <dbl> 28.1, 59.7, 52.7, 49.9, 49.4, 47.3, 38.3, 2…
## $ rh_tmax_source             <int> 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26,…
## $ rh_tmin                    <dbl> 57.1, 64.7, 89.1, 74.5, 79.2, 77.1, 82.3, 6…
## $ rh_tmin_source             <int> 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26,…
## $ vp                         <dbl> 15.1, 15.5, 13.6, 12.7, 11.7, 12.8, 12.0, 1…
## $ vp_deficit                 <dbl> 30.2, 9.9, 9.1, 10.4, 9.4, 11.2, 14.0, 26.5…
## $ vp_deficit_source          <int> 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26,…
## $ vp_source                  <int> 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35,…

That’s 49,515 daily weather observations covering the last 135 or so years!

I’ll add some convenience columns; the day of the year, the decade, and the abbreviation for the month.

silo_data$doy <- lubridate::yday(silo_data$date)
silo_data$decade <- cut(silo_data$year, 
                        breaks = seq(1880, 2030, by = 10), 
                        right = FALSE, 
                        labels = seq(1880, 2020, by = 10))
silo_data$monthabb = factor(month.abb[silo_data$month], levels = month.abb)

My original motivation for getting any of this data was Christmas 2016 – I live in the southern hemisphere so I get to enjoy Christmas in summer (despite being inundated with snowy imagery and having to explain to my kids why none of it is relevant here).

We still partake in some of the northern hemisphere traditions like a roast lunch and warm puddings for dessert, but we complement that with some cold, fresh prawns and some cold beers.

2016 was a particularly hot Christmas day, and I wanted to know how it compared historically. It’s not uncommon, I suppose, for someone in the USA to note that it was 40 degrees on Christmas (40°F = 4°C) but here it was also expected to hit 40… Celsius. 40°C = 104°F.

We can find all the entries in the silo data where it was 40°C or more on Christmas day

silo_data |> 
  dplyr::filter(air_tmax >= 40, month == 12, day == 25) |> 
  dplyr::select(date, air_tmin, air_tmax)
##         date air_tmin air_tmax
## 1 1941-12-25     29.7     41.4
## 2 1945-12-25     29.8     40.1
## 3 2016-12-25     15.9     40.3

So, those were the hottest, but were they exceptional for that time of year?

I originally produced these plots using the (now superseded) {bomrang} package, and now that I had a useful replacement, I wanted to recreate and update them with some new data.

These plots aren’t terribly fancy; they show the min or max temperature for each day of the year, coloured by the decade. They demonstrate the range of temperature variation throughout the year, but aren’t super useful for extracting information necessarily – squint to see the general pattern.

library(ggplot2)

ggplot(silo_data) +
  geom_point(aes(x = doy, y = air_tmax, col = decade), alpha = 0.2)  +
  theme_bw() +
  labs(
    title = "Daily Maximum Temperatures",
    subtitle = "Adelaide, South Australia, 1889-2024",
    caption = "source: https://www.longpaddock.qld.gov.au/silo/",
    y = "Daily Maximum Temperature [°C]",
    x = "Day of Year"
  ) +
  scale_y_continuous(
    limits = c(-5, 50),
    sec.axis = sec_axis( ~ . * 9 / 5 + 32, name = "Daily Maximum Temperature [°F]")
  ) +
  viridis::scale_color_viridis(discrete = TRUE)
Daily maximum temperatures in Adelaide

The same for the minimum temperatures:

pmin <- ggplot(silo_data) +
  geom_point(aes(x = doy, y = air_tmin, col = decade), alpha = 0.2)  +
  theme_bw() +
  labs(
    title = "Daily Minimum Temperatures",
    subtitle = "Adelaide, South Australia, 1889-2024",
    caption = "source: https://www.longpaddock.qld.gov.au/silo/",
    y = "Daily Minimum Temperature [°C]",
    x = "Day of Year"
  ) +
  scale_y_continuous(
    limits = c(-5, 50),
    sec.axis = sec_axis( ~ . * 9 / 5 + 32, name = "Daily Minimum Temperature [°F]")
  ) +
  viridis::scale_color_viridis(discrete = TRUE)
pmin
Daily minimum temperatures in Adelaide

This winter (middle of the year here) feels like it’s been particularly cold – but is it colder than usual? I saw someone demonstrate a feature of {ggplot2} that I haven’t previously made good use of; the data argument to a geom can take a formula for a function as long as the result of that is another data.frame, so a filter or head or slice operation works great here.

I’ll add in the points for June onward this year in red:

pmin +
  geom_point(
    data = ~ dplyr::filter(.x, year == 2024, month > 5),
    aes(x = doy, y = air_tmin),
    col = "red"
  )
Cold days in Winter, 2024

Definitely one particularly cold day there – it got as low as -5°C in some places.

In order to see how the temperatures have changed over the years, I also split out the data for each month and plotted the max/min for every day in the month for each year – this nicely shows that the spread is a lot tighter in winter and the days in our summer are a lot more variable. Again I’m using the helpful data = ~f(.x) pattern, this time with dplyr::slice_max().

ggplot(dplyr::arrange(silo_data, monthabb), aes(x = year, y = air_tmax)) +
  geom_point(aes(col = factor(monthabb)), alpha = 0.3, show.legend = FALSE) +
  geom_point(
    data = ~ dplyr::slice_max(.x, air_tmax, n = 1, by = monthabb),
    aes(x = year, y = air_tmax),
    col = "red"
  ) +
  geom_text(
    data = ~ dplyr::slice_max(.x, air_tmax, n = 1, by = monthabb),
    aes(x = year, y = air_tmax + 5, label = year),
    col = "red"
  ) +
  facet_wrap( ~ monthabb) +
  labs(
    title = "Daily Maximum Temperature",
    subtitle = "Adelaide, South Australia, 1889-2024",
    caption = "source: https://www.longpaddock.qld.gov.au/silo/",
    x = "Year",
    y = "Daily Maximum Temperature [°C]"
  ) +
  theme_bw() +
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(1880, 2030, 20)) +
  ggeasy::easy_rotate_x_labels(angle = 45, side = "right")
Monthly maximum temperatures and hottest days

The same for the minimum temperatures:

ggplot(dplyr::arrange(silo_data, monthabb), aes(x = year, y = air_tmin)) +
  geom_point(aes(col = factor(monthabb)), alpha = 0.3, show.legend = FALSE) +
  geom_point(
    data = ~ dplyr::slice_min(.x, air_tmin, n = 1, by = monthabb),
    aes(x = year, y = air_tmin),
    col = "blue"
  ) +
  geom_text(
    data = ~ dplyr::slice_min(.x, air_tmin, n = 1, by = monthabb),
    aes(x = year, y = air_tmin - 5, label = year),
    col = "blue"
  ) +
  facet_wrap( ~ monthabb) +
  labs(
    title = "Daily Minimum Temperature",
    subtitle = "Adelaide, South Australia, 1889-2024",
    caption = "source: https://www.longpaddock.qld.gov.au/silo/",
    x = "Year",
    y = "Daily Minimum Temperature [°C]"
  ) +
  theme_bw() +
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(1880, 2030, 20)) +
  ggeasy::easy_rotate_x_labels(angle = 45, side = "right")
Monthly minimum temperatures and coldest days

I’m very pleased that I’m once again able to query weather data for my country, and am deeply grateful to Adam Sparks for building and maintaining {weatherOz}.

If you have comments, suggestions, or improvements, as always, feel free to use the comment section below, or hit me up on Mastodon. Also let me know if you can think of (or make) some remix or other visualization of this data!

Stay cool/warm/comfortable!


< details> < summary> devtools::session_info()
## ─ Session info ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##  setting  value
##  version  R version 4.3.3 (2024-02-29)
##  os       Pop!_OS 22.04 LTS
##  system   x86_64, linux-gnu
##  ui       X11
##  language (EN)
##  collate  en_AU.UTF-8
##  ctype    en_AU.UTF-8
##  tz       Australia/Adelaide
##  date     2024-07-27
##  pandoc   3.2 @ /usr/lib/rstudio/resources/app/bin/quarto/bin/tools/x86_64/ (via rmarkdown)
## 
## ─ Packages ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##  package     * version date (UTC) lib source
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##  sass          0.4.8   2023-12-06 [3] CRAN (R 4.3.2)
##  sessioninfo   1.2.2   2021-12-06 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.2)
##  shiny         1.7.5.1 2023-10-14 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.2)
##  stringi       1.8.3   2023-12-11 [3] CRAN (R 4.3.2)
##  stringr       1.5.1   2023-11-14 [3] CRAN (R 4.3.2)
##  tibble        3.2.1   2023-03-20 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.3)
##  tidyselect    1.2.0   2022-10-10 [3] CRAN (R 4.2.1)
##  timechange    0.3.0   2024-01-18 [3] CRAN (R 4.3.2)
##  urlchecker    1.0.1   2021-11-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.2)
##  usethis       2.2.2   2023-07-06 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.2)
##  utf8          1.2.4   2023-10-22 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.3)
##  vctrs         0.6.5   2023-12-01 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.3)
##  withr         3.0.0   2024-01-16 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.3)
##  xfun          0.41    2023-11-01 [3] CRAN (R 4.3.2)
##  xtable        1.8-4   2019-04-21 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.2)
##  yaml          2.3.8   2023-12-11 [3] CRAN (R 4.3.2)
## 
##  [1] /home/jono/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/4.3
##  [2] /usr/local/lib/R/site-library
##  [3] /usr/lib/R/site-library
##  [4] /usr/lib/R/library
## 
## ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────


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