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An Introduction to healthyR.ai

Steven P. Sanderson II, MPH
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< section id="introduction" class="level1">

Introduction

This post will introduction to the healthyR.ai package. The healthyR.ai package is a collection of functions that I have developed to help me analyze and visualize data. The package is designed to be easy to use and to provide a wide range of functionality for data analysis. The package is also meant to help and provide some easy boilerplate funcationality for machine learning.

It might be best to view this post in light mode to see the tables better.

< section id="installation" class="level1">

Installation

You can install the released version of healthyR.ai from CRAN with:

install.packages("healthyR.ai")

And the development version from GitHub with:

# install.packages("devtools")
devtools::install_github("spsanderson/healthyR.ai")
< section id="getting-started" class="level1">

Getting Started

< section id="the-goal" class="level2">

The Goal

The ultimate goal really is to make it easier to do data analysis and machine learning in R. The package is designed to be easy to use and to provide a wide range of functionality for data analysis. The package is also meant to help and provide some easy boilerplate functionality for machine learning. This package is in its early stages and will be updated frequently.

It also keeps with the same framework of all of the healthyverse packages in that it is meant for the user to be able to use the package without having to know a lot of R. Many rural hospitals do not have the resources to perform this sort of work, so I am working hard to build these types of things out for them for free.

Let’s go through some examples.

library(healthyR.ai)
library(tidyverse)
library(DT)

Now let’s get a list of all the functions that are exposed in the package.

# Functions and their arguments for healthyR

pat <- c("%>%",":=","as_label","as_name","enquo","enquos","expr",
         "sym","syms","required_pkgs.step_hai_fourier",
         "required_pkgs.step_hai_fourier_discrete",
         "required_pkgs.step_hai_hyperbolic",
         "required_pkgs.step_hai_scale_zero_one",
         "required_pkgs.step_hai_scal_zscore",
         "required_pkgs.step_hai_winsorized_move",
         "required_pkgs.step_hai_winsorized_truncate")

tibble(fns = ls.str("package:healthyR.ai")) |>
  filter(!fns %in% pat) |>
  mutate(params = purrr::map(fns, formalArgs)) |> 
  group_by(fns) |> 
  mutate(func_with_params = toString(params)) |>
  mutate(
    func_with_params = ifelse(
      str_detect(
        func_with_params, "\\("), 
      paste0(fns, func_with_params), 
      paste0(fns, "(", func_with_params, ")")
    )) |>
  select(fns, func_with_params) |>
  mutate(fns = as.factor(fns)) |>
  datatable(
    #class = 'cell-boarder-stripe',
    colnames = c("Function", "Full Call"),
    options = list(
      autowidth = TRUE,
      pageLength = 10
    )
  )
< section id="examples" class="level1">

Examples

Let’s start off going through an example of using the function, pca_your_repipe. First, the syntax.

< section id="example---pca-a-recipe" class="level2">

Example – PCA a recipe

< section id="syntax" class="level3">

Syntax

pca_your_recipe(.recipe_object, .data, .threshold = 0.75, .top_n = 5)
< section id="arguments" class="level3">

Arguments

< section id="value" class="level3">

Value

A list object with several components.

< section id="details" class="level3">

Details

This is a simple wrapper around some recipes functions to perform a PCA on a given recipe. This function will output a list and return it invisible. All of the components of the analysis will be returned in a list as their own object that can be selected individually. A scree plot is also included. The items that get returned are:

< section id="working-example" class="level3">

Working Example

library(rsample)
library(recipes)

splits <- initial_split(mtcars, prop = 0.8)

rec_obj <- recipe(mpg ~ ., data = training(splits)) |>
  step_normalize(all_predictors())

pca_output <- pca_your_recipe(
  .recipe_object = rec_obj, 
  .data = mtcars, 
  .threshold = 0.75, 
  .top_n = 5
  )

Now let’s check the output:

pca_output
$pca_transform
── Recipe ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
── Inputs 
Number of variables by role
outcome:    1
predictor: 10
── Operations 
• Centering and scaling for: all_predictors()
• Centering for: recipes::all_numeric()
• Scaling for: recipes::all_numeric()
• Sparse, unbalanced variable filter on: recipes::all_numeric()
• PCA extraction with: recipes::all_numeric_predictors()
$variable_loadings
# A tibble: 100 × 4
   terms  value component id       
   <chr>  <dbl> <chr>     <chr>    
 1 cyl   -0.394 PC1       pca_RSbN6
 2 disp  -0.389 PC1       pca_RSbN6
 3 hp    -0.356 PC1       pca_RSbN6
 4 drat   0.321 PC1       pca_RSbN6
 5 wt    -0.358 PC1       pca_RSbN6
 6 qsec   0.248 PC1       pca_RSbN6
 7 vs     0.319 PC1       pca_RSbN6
 8 am     0.248 PC1       pca_RSbN6
 9 gear   0.238 PC1       pca_RSbN6
10 carb  -0.232 PC1       pca_RSbN6
# ℹ 90 more rows

$variable_variance
# A tibble: 40 × 4
   terms     value component id       
   <chr>     <dbl>     <int> <chr>    
 1 variance 6.09           1 pca_RSbN6
 2 variance 2.42           2 pca_RSbN6
 3 variance 0.619          3 pca_RSbN6
 4 variance 0.231          4 pca_RSbN6
 5 variance 0.215          5 pca_RSbN6
 6 variance 0.171          6 pca_RSbN6
 7 variance 0.112          7 pca_RSbN6
 8 variance 0.0848         8 pca_RSbN6
 9 variance 0.0409         9 pca_RSbN6
10 variance 0.0219        10 pca_RSbN6
# ℹ 30 more rows

$pca_estimates
── Recipe ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
── Inputs 
Number of variables by role
outcome:    1
predictor: 10
── Training information 
Training data contained 25 data points and no incomplete rows.
── Operations 
• Centering and scaling for: cyl, disp, hp, drat, wt, qsec, ... | Trained
• Centering for: cyl, disp, hp, drat, wt, qsec, vs, am, gear, ... | Trained
• Scaling for: cyl, disp, hp, drat, wt, qsec, vs, am, gear, ... | Trained
• Sparse, unbalanced variable filter removed: <none> | Trained
• PCA extraction with: cyl, disp, hp, drat, wt, qsec, vs, am, ... | Trained
$pca_juiced_estimates
# A tibble: 25 × 3
       mpg    PC1      PC2
     <dbl>  <dbl>    <dbl>
 1 -1.67   -3.54  -0.529  
 2  0.0945  0.633  2.03   
 3  0.394   2.31  -1.60   
 4  0.178   1.88  -1.88   
 5  1.99    3.29   0.00164
 6  1.66    3.79   0.988  
 7 -0.670  -2.14  -0.503  
 8 -0.953  -3.45  -0.248  
 9  2.24    3.59   0.0209 
10  0.161   2.47   0.534  
# ℹ 15 more rows

$pca_baked_data
# A tibble: 32 × 3
       mpg    PC1    PC2
     <dbl>  <dbl>  <dbl>
 1  0.0945  0.633  2.03 
 2  0.0945  0.613  1.87 
 3  0.394   2.76   0.137
 4  0.161   0.228 -2.17 
 5 -0.288  -2.01  -0.623
 6 -0.388   0.191 -2.55 
 7 -1.02   -2.82   0.438
 8  0.660   1.91  -1.13 
 9  0.394   2.31  -1.60 
10 -0.205   0.622  0.125
# ℹ 22 more rows

$pca_variance_df
# A tibble: 10 × 6
   PC    var_explained var_pct_txt cum_var_pct cum_var_pct_txt ou_threshold
   <chr>         <dbl> <chr>             <dbl> <chr>           <fct>       
 1 PC1         0.609   60.86%            0.609 60.86%          Under       
 2 PC2         0.242   24.19%            0.850 85.05%          Over        
 3 PC3         0.0619  6.19%             0.912 91.24%          Over        
 4 PC4         0.0231  2.31%             0.935 93.55%          Over        
 5 PC5         0.0215  2.15%             0.957 95.70%          Over        
 6 PC6         0.0171  1.71%             0.974 97.41%          Over        
 7 PC7         0.0112  1.12%             0.985 98.52%          Over        
 8 PC8         0.00848 0.85%             0.994 99.37%          Over        
 9 PC9         0.00409 0.41%             0.998 99.78%          Over        
10 PC10        0.00219 0.22%             1     100.00%         Over        

$pca_rotation_df
# A tibble: 10 × 10
      PC1     PC2     PC3     PC4      PC5     PC6     PC7     PC8     PC9
    <dbl>   <dbl>   <dbl>   <dbl>    <dbl>   <dbl>   <dbl>   <dbl>   <dbl>
 1 -0.394  0.0328 -0.146   0.0804 -0.162    0.0655 -0.223  -0.0200 -0.728 
 2 -0.389 -0.0623  0.0134 -0.0763  0.200   -0.383   0.447   0.0126 -0.369 
 3 -0.356  0.213   0.240   0.342  -0.195   -0.145   0.270   0.614   0.282 
 4  0.321  0.295   0.0556  0.336   0.768   -0.125  -0.0333  0.127  -0.204 
 5 -0.358 -0.124   0.391  -0.367   0.305   -0.347  -0.105  -0.338   0.262 
 6  0.248 -0.432   0.425  -0.317   0.00567 -0.0377 -0.272   0.568  -0.259 
 7  0.319 -0.255   0.421   0.505  -0.328   -0.313   0.156  -0.373  -0.163 
 8  0.248  0.443  -0.217  -0.241  -0.294   -0.693  -0.253   0.0794 -0.0246
 9  0.238  0.449   0.346  -0.431  -0.125    0.278   0.509  -0.0781 -0.222 
10 -0.232  0.445   0.490   0.151  -0.0541   0.189  -0.494  -0.133  -0.0201
# ℹ 1 more variable: PC10 <dbl>

$pca_variance_scree_plt

$pca_loadings_plt

$pca_loadings_plotly

$pca_top_n_loadings_plt

$pca_top_n_plotly

Pretty easy as you can see.

< section id="example---histogram-facet-plot" class="level2">

Example – Histogram Facet Plot

< section id="syntax-1" class="level3">

Syntax

hai_histogram_facet_plot(
  .data,
  .bins = 10,
  .scale_data = FALSE,
  .ncol = 5,
  .fct_reorder = FALSE,
  .fct_rev = FALSE,
  .fill = "steelblue",
  .color = "white",
  .scale = "free",
  .interactive = FALSE
)
< section id="arguments-1" class="level3">

Arguments

< section id="working-example-1" class="level3">

Working Example

hai_histogram_facet_plot(mtcars, .interactive = FALSE)

hai_histogram_facet_plot(mtcars, .interactive = FALSE, .scale_data = TRUE)

< section id="example---boilerplacte-funcationality" class="level2">

Example – Boilerplacte Funcationality

Now we are going to go over some simple boilerplate funcationality. I call it boilerplate because you don’t have to change anything if you dont want to. For the boilerplate function there is a corresponding data preprocessor that will get the data into the shape it needs to be in for the algorithm. Let’s take a look.

< section id="working-example-2" class="level3">

Working Example

First lets look at the data, then we will look at it after the preprocessor.

head(iris)
  Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
1          5.1         3.5          1.4         0.2  setosa
2          4.9         3.0          1.4         0.2  setosa
3          4.7         3.2          1.3         0.2  setosa
4          4.6         3.1          1.5         0.2  setosa
5          5.0         3.6          1.4         0.2  setosa
6          5.4         3.9          1.7         0.4  setosa
rec_obj <- hai_earth_data_prepper(iris, Species ~ .)

rec_obj

Now to run it through the boilerplate:

auto_earth <- hai_auto_earth(
  .data = iris,
  .rec_obj = rec_obj,
  .best_metric = "f_meas",
  .model_type = "classification"
)

Now let’s inspect the output:

names(auto_earth)
[1] "recipe_info" "model_info"  "tuned_info"
< section id="recipe-information" class="level3">

Recipe Information

auto_earth[["recipe_info"]]
< section id="model-information" class="level3">

Model Information

auto_earth[["model_info"]]
$model_spec
MARS Model Specification (classification)

Main Arguments:
  num_terms = tune::tune()
  prod_degree = tune::tune()
  prune_method = none

Computational engine: earth 


$wflw
══ Workflow ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Preprocessor: Recipe
Model: mars()

── Preprocessor ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
4 Recipe Steps

• step_string2factor()
• step_novel()
• step_dummy()
• step_zv()

── Model ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
MARS Model Specification (classification)

Main Arguments:
  num_terms = tune::tune()
  prod_degree = tune::tune()
  prune_method = none

Computational engine: earth 


$fitted_wflw
══ Workflow [trained] ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Preprocessor: Recipe
Model: mars()

── Preprocessor ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
4 Recipe Steps

• step_string2factor()
• step_novel()
• step_dummy()
• step_zv()

── Model ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
GLM (family binomial, link logit):
           nulldev  df       dev  df   devratio     AIC iters converged
setosa     144.779 111   52.6908 110     0.6360   56.69    22         1
versicolor 137.505 111  125.5536 110     0.0869  129.60     4         1
virginica  144.779 111   15.1575 110     0.8950   19.16     9         1

Earth selected 2 of 15 terms, and 1 of 4 predictors (pmethod="none") (nprune=2)
Termination condition: Reached nk 21
Importance: Petal.Length-unused, Sepal.Length-unused, Sepal.Width-unused, ...
Number of terms at each degree of interaction: 1 1 (additive model)

Earth
                  GCV       RSS       GRSq        RSq
setosa     0.15145196 16.066078 0.34455933 0.36796602
versicolor 0.20252995 21.484449 0.05906052 0.09266277
virginica  0.04535734  4.811523 0.80370644 0.81071635
All        0.36072282 38.265605 0.46747354 0.48649080

$was_tuned
[1] "tuned"
< section id="tuned-information" class="level3">

Tuned Information

auto_earth[["tuned_info"]]
$tuning_grid
# A tibble: 7 × 2
  num_terms prod_degree
      <int>       <int>
1         3           2
2         4           1
3         5           2
4         3           1
5         4           2
6         2           2
7         2           1

$cv_obj
# Monte Carlo cross-validation (0.75/0.25) with 25 resamples  
# A tibble: 25 × 2
   splits          id        
   <list>          <chr>     
 1 <split [84/28]> Resample01
 2 <split [84/28]> Resample02
 3 <split [84/28]> Resample03
 4 <split [84/28]> Resample04
 5 <split [84/28]> Resample05
 6 <split [84/28]> Resample06
 7 <split [84/28]> Resample07
 8 <split [84/28]> Resample08
 9 <split [84/28]> Resample09
10 <split [84/28]> Resample10
# ℹ 15 more rows

$tuned_results
# Tuning results
# Monte Carlo cross-validation (0.75/0.25) with 25 resamples  
# A tibble: 25 × 4
   splits          id         .metrics          .notes          
   <list>          <chr>      <list>            <list>          
 1 <split [84/28]> Resample01 <tibble [77 × 6]> <tibble [5 × 3]>
 2 <split [84/28]> Resample02 <tibble [77 × 6]> <tibble [5 × 3]>
 3 <split [84/28]> Resample03 <tibble [77 × 6]> <tibble [5 × 3]>
 4 <split [84/28]> Resample04 <tibble [77 × 6]> <tibble [5 × 3]>
 5 <split [84/28]> Resample05 <tibble [77 × 6]> <tibble [5 × 3]>
 6 <split [84/28]> Resample06 <tibble [77 × 6]> <tibble [5 × 3]>
 7 <split [84/28]> Resample07 <tibble [77 × 6]> <tibble [5 × 3]>
 8 <split [84/28]> Resample08 <tibble [77 × 6]> <tibble [5 × 3]>
 9 <split [84/28]> Resample09 <tibble [77 × 6]> <tibble [5 × 3]>
10 <split [84/28]> Resample10 <tibble [77 × 6]> <tibble [5 × 3]>
# ℹ 15 more rows

There were issues with some computations:

  - Warning(s) x5: While computing multiclass `precision()`, some levels had no pred...
  - Warning(s) x6: While computing multiclass `precision()`, some levels had no pred...
  - Warning(s) x1: While computing multiclass `precision()`, some levels had no pred...
  - Warning(s) x1: While computing multiclass `precision()`, some levels had no pred...
  - Warning(s) x2: While computing multiclass `precision()`, some levels had no pred...
  - Warning(s) x1: While computing multiclass `precision()`, some levels had no pred...
  - Warning(s) x5: While computing multiclass `precision()`, some levels had no pred...
  - Warning(s) x4: While computing multiclass `precision()`, some levels had no pred...
  - Warning(s) x48: glm.fit: algorithm did not converge, glm.fit: fitted probabilitie...
  - Warning(s) x2: glm.fit: algorithm did not converge, glm.fit: fitted probabilitie...
  - Warning(s) x49: glm.fit: fitted probabilities numerically 0 or 1 occurred, glm.fi...
  - Warning(s) x1: glm.fit: fitted probabilities numerically 0 or 1 occurred, glm.fi...

Run `show_notes(.Last.tune.result)` for more information.

$grid_size
[1] 10

$best_metric
[1] "f_meas"

$best_result_set
# A tibble: 1 × 8
  num_terms prod_degree .metric .estimator  mean     n std_err .config          
      <int>       <int> <chr>   <chr>      <dbl> <int>   <dbl> <chr>            
1         2           1 f_meas  macro      0.124    25  0.0154 Preprocessor1_Mo…

$tuning_grid_plot

$plotly_grid_plot
< section id="metric-sets" class="level1">

Metric Sets

With this package there comes some metric set’s that can be computed using the yardstick package. These are the metric sets that are available:

< section id="classification" class="level2">

Classification

hai_default_classification_metric_set()
A metric set, consisting of:
- `sensitivity()`, a class metric  | direction: maximize
- `specificity()`, a class metric  | direction: maximize
- `recall()`, a class metric       | direction: maximize
- `precision()`, a class metric    | direction: maximize
- `mcc()`, a class metric          | direction: maximize
- `accuracy()`, a class metric     | direction: maximize
- `f_meas()`, a class metric       | direction: maximize
- `kap()`, a class metric          | direction: maximize
- `ppv()`, a class metric          | direction: maximize
- `npv()`, a class metric          | direction: maximize
- `bal_accuracy()`, a class metric | direction: maximize
< section id="regression" class="level2">

Regression

hai_default_regression_metric_set()
A metric set, consisting of:
- `mae()`, a numeric metric   | direction: minimize
- `mape()`, a numeric metric  | direction: minimize
- `mase()`, a numeric metric  | direction: minimize
- `smape()`, a numeric metric | direction: minimize
- `rmse()`, a numeric metric  | direction: minimize
- `rsq()`, a numeric metric   | direction: maximize

Here is a list of the items currently on it as of writing this article:

  1. Plotting Functions – Functions for plotting.
  2. Clustering Functions – Functions for clustering and analysis.
  3. Boiler Plate Functions – Functions for automatic recipes, workflows, and tuned models.
  4. Dimensionality Reduction – Functions for dimension reduction.
  5. Data Wrangling – Functions for data wrangling.
  6. Data Preprocessors – Functions for data preprocessing.
  7. Recipe Steps – Functions to add recipe steps.
  8. Table Functions – Functions that return tibbles.
  9. Vectorized Functions – Vector functions.
  10. Augmenting Functions – Functions for data augmentation.
  11. Miscellaneous Functions – Miscellaneous utility functions.
  12. Metric Sets – Metric sets for evaluation.

For more detailed information, you can visit the healthyR.ai function reference page.

< section id="conclusion" class="level1">

Conclusion

I hope this helped a bit with understanding the healthyR.ai package. It is a very powerful package that can help you with a lot of different tasks. I will be writing more about this package in the future. If you have any questions or comments, please feel free to reach out to me at any of these:

People can get in touch with you through the following social profiles:

Happy coding!

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