Resources

You can download all the data sets, R scripts, practice questions and their solutions from our GitHub repository.

Introduction

In this section, we will learn to visualize categorical data. We will look at the following type of plots:

• univariate bar plot
• bivariate bar plot
  • grouped
  • stacked
  • proportional
• mosaic plot
• pie chart
• donut chart

We will be using ggplot2 package throughout this article. So you should know the basics of data visualization with ggplot2. If you are new to or have never used ggplot2, do not worry. We have several tutorials and an ebook on ggplot2, you can go through them first and then come back to this article. Let us read the case study data before we start our visualization journey.

# read data
data <- readRDS('analytics.rds')

Bar Plot

Bar charts provide a visual representation of categorical data. The bars can be plotted either vertically or horizontally. The categories/groups appear along the horizontal X axis and the height of the bar represents a measured value.

ggplot(data) +
  geom_bar(aes(x = device), fill = "blue") +
  xlab("Device") + ylab("Count")

In the above example, the bars represent the count/frequency of the categories. If the bars represent continuous data, the value could be mean or sum of the variable being represented.

ggplot(data) +
  geom_bar(aes(x = device, fill = gender), position = "dodge") +
  xlab("Device") + ylab("Count")

ggplot(data) +
  geom_bar(aes(x = device, fill = gender)) +
  xlab("Device") + ylab("Count")

data %>% 
  select(device, gender) %>% 
  table() %>% 
  tibble::as_tibble() %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = device, y = n, fill = gender)) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity", position = "fill") +
  xlab("Device") + ylab("Gender")

Mosaic Plot

A mosaic plot is a graphical representation of a two way table or contingency table. It was introduced by Hartigan & Kleiner and is divided into rectangles. Proportions on horizontal axis represents the number of observations for each level of the X variable. The vertical length of each rectangle is proportional to the proportion of Y variable in each level of X variable.

ggplot(data = data) +
  geom_mosaic(aes(x = product(channel, device), fill = channel)) +
  xlab("Device") + ylab("Channel")

Pie Chart

Pie chart is a circular chart, divided into slices to show relevant sizes of data. It shows the distribution of the different levels of a categorical variable as a circle is divided into radial slices. Each level corresponds with a single slice of the circle and size indicates the proportion of the level. Use it when comparing each group’s contribution to the whole as opposed to comparing groups to each other.

data %>% 
  pull(device) %>%
  table() %>%
  pie()

data %>% 
  pull(device) %>% 
  table() %>% 
  pie3D(explode = 0.1)

data %>% 
  pull(device) %>% 
  fct_count() %>% 
  rename(device = f, count = n) %>% 
  ggplot() +
  geom_bar(aes(x = "", y = count, fill = device), width = 1, stat = "identity") +
  coord_polar("y", start = 0)

Donut Chart

Donut chart is a variation of the pie chart. It has a round hole in the middle which makes it look like a donut. The focus is on the length of the arcs and not the proportions of the slices. Blank spaces inside donut chart can be used to display information inside it.

data %>% 
  pull(device) %>% 
  fct_count() %>% 
  rename(device = f, count = n) %>% 
  ggdonutchart("count", label = "device", fill = "device", color = "white",
               palette = c("#00AFBB", "#E7B800", "#FC4E07"))

Summary

• Bar charts provide a visual representation of categorical data.
• Use grouped bar chart to make comparison against different categories of data.
• Use stacked bar chart while looking at cumulative data.
• Use proportional bar chart when you want to concurrently observe each of the several variables as they fluctuate.
• Use mosaic plot to discover associations between two variables.
• Use pie chart and donut chart when comparing each group’s contribution to the whole.

Your Turn…

Generate all the below plots:

1. Bar plot of channel

2. Display grouped bar plot of user_type by channel

3. Display stacked bar plot of channel by gender

4. Display proportional bar plot of channel by device

5. Display mosaic plot of device by channel

6. Display pie or donut chart of channel