I teach R to a lot of scientists, those that are new to science (i.e. students) as well as more established scientists, new to R. I find that after all their struggles of dealing with dates, or remembering where to put the comma, they’re so grateful to actual have an analysis, that they often forget or aren’t aware of the next steps.

Many scientists don’t know that they should be citing R packages let alone R, and, if they do know, they often struggle with how. So here’s a short primer on why and how to get started!

Why cite?

It’s extremely important to cite both R and R packages for several reasons:

1. Developer Credit
   Many developers of R packages for science are themselves scientists. They may be developing packages in their own time, or are trying to fit it into a busy schedule. Without citations, most scientists don’t get credit for their work. This makes it hard to prioritize work on open software projects. If we want to ensure that high-quality open software continues, it’s important that the developers get credit for their work¹.

2. Repeatable Science
   If it isn’t clear how you did a thing or how/where you got your data, your work isn’t repeatable. The lack of citations of software in scientific publications has become a problem to the extent that working groups, such as FORCE11 Software Citation Implementation Working Group, have been created to establish guidelines² and standards³ for citing software. Software (like R), R packages, and their versions are important information to include in a manuscript. It not only helps other scientists understand and repeat your work, but helps share important and useful tools. Including versions is also really important as a way of recording the context of your manuscript when software changes.
   Note: Repeatability isn’t the same as reproducibility. If you’re interested in ensuring your analysis is reproducible (as opposed to your research being repeatable), you should look into more rigorous ways of keeping track of software dependencies (see below, Reproducible science).

3. Gratitude
   Citing developer’s work is also a way of showing gratitude and thanks for (often) unpaid hard work. I know that every citation I get for my weathercan package warms my heart ? (and helps my CV)! R packages have made my life so much easier, and it makes me happy to know that at least I can publicly acknowledge the hard work of the developers by citing them in my manuscripts.

Which packages should I cite?

A question I often hear is, “Okay, I understand I should cite R packages, but do I cite them all?”. This is a tricky question, and to be honest, I’m not really sure of the best answer, and sometimes it may depend on many factors.

I always advise citing statistical packages, no question, and any package that is specific to a scientific domain or methodology (i.e. if you used magick to process images before analysis, or if you used tidyhydat to retrieve hydrology data, definitely cite those packages).

The tricky bit is packages that are used generally, like data munging packages, or packages like osfr which are used as part of the scientific process (i.e. connecting to OSF, the Open Science Framework), but not necessarily for the analysis specifically. In an ideal world, everything we use would be cited, but with word and reference limits and editors less aware of the importance of citing software, it’s often hard to justify citing everything in a manuscript.

The general advice by the by the FORCE11 Software Citation Implementation Working Group is to include software important to the research outcome. I would also add that it’s not a bad thing to cite open-source software that was a major part of your workflow (for the purposes of credit, if not repeatability). Anything else, try to make sure it’s prominently displayed in your scripts and if possible include your scripts as supplemental to the manuscript. This way any curious readers will be exposed to the packages if nothing else. For packages like osfr, you could share your OSF page/DOI, and perhaps mention that it was managed with osfr. However, it’s important to note that it is not sufficient to mention packages in supplemental materials, but if that’s all you can do, this makes the best of a bad situation.

Now that I’ve convinced you of the importance of citing packages, and you’ve had a chance to consider which ones you want to cite, the next step is gathering citations. Luckily, there are standard ways of citing R packages, most of which you can access directly from your R console!

How to cite R

Citing R is pretty straightforward.

citation()

##
## To cite R in publications use:
##
## R Core Team (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical
## computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
## URL https://www.R-project.org/.
##
## A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is
##
## @Manual{,
## title = {R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing},
## author = {{R Core Team}},
## organization = {R Foundation for Statistical Computing},
## address = {Vienna, Austria},
## year = {2021},
## url = {https://www.R-project.org/},
## }
##
## We have invested a lot of time and effort in creating R, please cite it
## when using it for data analysis. See also 'citation("pkgname")' for
## citing R packages.

The next thing you’ll want is the version of R.

version$version.string

## [1] "R version 4.1.2 (2021-11-01)"

In the text of a manuscript, I generally suggest something like the following.

All analyses were performed using R Statistical Software (v4.1.2; R Core Team 2021)

How to cite R packages

Citation information for R packages can also be accessed through R.

Some developers have books or articles that they want you to use as the citation.

citation("weathercan")

##
## To cite 'weathercan' in publications, please use:
##
## LaZerte, Stefanie E and Sam Albers (2018). weathercan: Download and
## format weather data from Environment and Climate Change Canada. The
## Journal of Open Source Software 3(22):571. doi:10.21105/joss.00571.
##
## A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is
##
## @Article{,
## title = {{weathercan}: {D}ownload and format weather data from Environment and Climate Change Canada},
## author = {Stefanie E LaZerte and Sam Albers},
## journal = {The Journal of Open Source Software},
## volume = {3},
## number = {22},
## pages = {571},
## year = {2018},
## url = {https://joss.theoj.org/papers/10.21105/joss.00571},
## }

Some have you cite the software directly.

citation("magick")

##
## To cite package 'magick' in publications use:
##
## Jeroen Ooms (2021). magick: Advanced Graphics and Image-Processing in
## R. R package version 2.7.3. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=magick
##
## A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is
##
## @Manual{,
## title = {magick: Advanced Graphics and Image-Processing in R},
## author = {Jeroen Ooms},
## year = {2021},
## note = {R package version 2.7.3},
## url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=magick},
## }

You can get version information with the packageVersion() function.

packageVersion("weathercan")

## [1] '0.6.2'

packageVersion("magick")

## [1] '2.7.3'

For R packages, I generally recommend text along these lines in a manuscript.

All analyses were performed using R Statistical Software (v4.1.2; R Core Team 2021). Temperature data was obtained from Environment and Climate Change Canada via the weathercan R package (v0.6.2; LaZerte and Albers 2018). Vegetation photos were simplified and processed prior to analysis using the magick R package (v2.7.3; Ooms 2021).

Reproducible workflow for managing citations

Being ready to cite the packages you’ve used will be so much easier if you keep track of packages and package versions as part of your workflow.

Consider keeping compiled reports of your analysis scripts (either rendering your scripts with the RStudio’s Compile Report button, ‘spinning’ your scripts via rmarkdown and knitr⁴, or using Rmd files and knitting them.)

This way you can include a call to sessionInfo() or devtools::session_info(), at the end of your script.

devtools::session_info()

## ─ Session info ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## setting value
## version R version 4.1.2 (2021-11-01)
## os Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS
## system x86_64, linux-gnu
## ui X11
## language en_CA:en
## collate en_CA.UTF-8
## ctype en_CA.UTF-8
## tz America/Winnipeg
## date 2021-11-09
##
## ─ Packages ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## package * version date lib source
## assertthat 0.2.1 2019-03-21 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
## bslib 0.3.0 2021-09-02 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.1)
## cachem 1.0.6 2021-08-19 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.1)
## callr 3.7.0 2021-04-20 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
## cli 3.1.0 2021-10-27 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
## crayon 1.4.2 2021-10-29 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
## desc 1.4.0 2021-09-28 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.1)
## devtools 2.4.1 2021-05-05 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
## digest 0.6.28 2021-09-23 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.1)
## ellipsis 0.3.2 2021-04-29 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
## emo 0.0.0.9000 2021-06-04 [1] Github (hadley/emo@3f03b11)
## evaluate 0.14 2019-05-28 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
## fastmap 1.1.0 2021-01-25 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
## fs 1.5.0 2020-07-31 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
## generics 0.1.0 2020-10-31 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
## glue 1.5.0 2021-11-07 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
## htmltools 0.5.2 2021-08-25 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.1)
## jquerylib 0.1.4 2021-04-26 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
## jsonlite 1.7.2 2020-12-09 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
## knitr 1.36 2021-09-29 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
## lifecycle 1.0.1 2021-09-24 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.1)
## lubridate 1.8.0 2021-10-07 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.1)
## magrittr 2.0.1 2020-11-17 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
## memoise 2.0.0 2021-01-26 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
## pkgbuild 1.2.0 2020-12-15 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
## pkgload 1.2.3 2021-10-13 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.1)
## prettyunits 1.1.1 2020-01-24 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
## processx 3.5.2 2021-04-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
## ps 1.6.0 2021-02-28 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
## purrr 0.3.4 2020-04-17 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
## R6 2.5.1 2021-08-19 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.1)
## remotes 2.4.0 2021-06-02 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
## rlang 0.4.12 2021-10-18 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.1)
## rmarkdown 2.11 2021-09-14 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
## rprojroot 2.0.2 2020-11-15 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
## rstudioapi 0.13 2020-11-12 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
## sass 0.4.0 2021-05-12 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
## sessioninfo 1.1.1 2018-11-05 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
## stringi 1.7.5 2021-10-04 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.1)
## stringr 1.4.0 2019-02-10 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
## testthat 3.1.0 2021-10-04 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.1)
## usethis 2.1.3 2021-10-27 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
## withr 2.4.2 2021-04-18 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
## xfun 0.28 2021-11-04 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
## yaml 2.2.1 2020-02-01 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##
## [1] /home/steffi/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/4.1
## [2] /usr/local/lib/R/site-library
## [3] /usr/lib/R/site-library
## [4] /usr/lib/R/library

Your compiled report will then have a complete record of your workflow, packages, results and package versions.

If you want to get even fancier, you can add specific print() commands to the end of your script which will output the citations themselves (but note that you’ll probably still need session_info() for package versions).

print(citation("weathercan"), style = "text")

## LaZerte S, Albers S (2018). "weathercan: Download and format weather
## data from Environment and Climate Change Canada." _The Journal of Open
## Source Software_, *3*(22), 571. <URL:
## https://joss.theoj.org/papers/10.21105/joss.00571>.

Or do a bunch of packages:

library(purrr)
c("weathercan", "magick", "tidyhydat") %>%
map(citation) %>%
print(style = "text")

## [[1]]
## LaZerte S, Albers S (2018). "weathercan: Download and format weather
## data from Environment and Climate Change Canada." _The Journal of Open
## Source Software_, *3*(22), 571. <URL:
## https://joss.theoj.org/papers/10.21105/joss.00571>.
##
## [[2]]
## Ooms J (2021). _magick: Advanced Graphics and Image-Processing in R_. R
## package version 2.7.3, <URL:
## https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=magick>.
##
## [[3]]
## Albers S (2017). "tidyhydat: Extract and Tidy Canadian Hydrometric
## Data." _The Journal of Open Source Software_, *2*(20). doi:
## 10.21105/joss.00511 (URL: https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.00511), <URL:
## http://dx.doi.org/10.21105/joss.00511>.

You may also consider using the cite_packages() function from the super cool grateful package to create a formatted bibliography of all the packages used in a project.

Reproducible science

Finally, if you’re getting serious about ensuring your work is not only repeatable but also reproducible⁵, you might want to check out R packages that help control package versions (like renv), or sofware which helps control your build environment (like Docker containers).

Doing more with citations

• If you want to go next level and start managing your citations in R, checkout the post A Roundup of R Tools for Handling BibTeX⁶

• Stay tuned for an upcoming blog post on the recently reviewed cffr package for working with the CFF citation file format for your package or in general.

• Are you a package developer who would like to see their packages cited more readily? Check out the post Make Your R Package Easier to Cite for tips and tricks.

Final thoughts

Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) is a magical thing. It equalizes financial disparity among scientific institutions and allows the development of highly specialized analysis in really specific domains. Citing R and R packages is not only important for complete and repeatable science, but is oh so meaningful to software developers.

If we want them to keep doing what they do, the least we can do is cheer them on!