The significance of gender on the salary in Sweden, a comparison between different occupational groups

In my last post, I found that the interaction between the different predictors has a significant impact on the salary of engineers. Is the significance of the interactions on wages unique to engineers or are there similar correlations in other occupational groups?

We start by examining the interaction between age, year, gender.

The F-value from the Anova table is used as the single value to discriminate how much education and salary correlates. For exploratory analysis, the Anova value seems good enough.

First, define libraries and functions.

library (tidyverse) 
## -- Attaching packages --------------------------------------- tidyverse 1.2.1 --
## v ggplot2 3.2.0     v purrr   0.3.2
## v tibble  2.1.3     v dplyr   0.8.3
## v tidyr   1.0.0     v stringr 1.4.0
## v readr   1.3.1     v forcats 0.4.0
## -- Conflicts ------------------------------------------ tidyverse_conflicts() --
## x dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
## x dplyr::lag()    masks stats::lag()
library (broom) 
library (car)
## Loading required package: carData
## 
## Attaching package: 'car'
## The following object is masked from 'package:dplyr':
## 
##     recode
## The following object is masked from 'package:purrr':
## 
##     some
library(sjPlot)
readfile <- function (file1){  
  read_csv (file1, col_types = cols(), locale = readr::locale (encoding = "latin1"), na = c("..", "NA")) %>%  
    gather (starts_with("19"), starts_with("20"), key = "year", value = salary) %>%  
    drop_na() %>%  
    mutate (year_n = parse_number (year))
}

The data table is downloaded from Statistics Sweden. It is saved as a comma-delimited file without heading, 000000D2.csv, http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/.

The table: Average basic salary, monthly salary and women´s salary as a percentage of men´s salary by sector, occupational group (SSYK 2012), sex and age. Year 2014 – 2018 Monthly salary All sectors

I will use a continuous predictor, a polynomial of degree three, to fit the contribution of age to the salary.

In the plot and tables, you can also find information on how the increase in salaries per year for each occupational group is affected when the interactions are taken into account.

tb <- readfile("000000D2.csv") %>%
  rowwise() %>%
  mutate(age_l = unlist(lapply(strsplit(substr(age, 1, 5), "-"), strtoi))[1]) %>%
  rowwise() %>%
  mutate(age_h = unlist(lapply(strsplit(substr(age, 1, 5), "-"), strtoi))[2]) %>%
  mutate(age_n = (age_l + age_h) / 2)

summary_table = vector()
anova_table = vector()
for (i in unique(tb$`occuptional  (SSYK 2012)`)){
  temp <- filter(tb, `occuptional  (SSYK 2012)` == i)
  if (dim(temp)[1] > 30){
    model <-lm (log(salary) ~ year_n + sex * poly(age_n, 3), data = temp)
    summary_table <- bind_rows (summary_table, mutate (tidy (summary (model)), ssyk = i, interaction = "sex and age"))
    anova_table <- bind_rows (anova_table, mutate (tidy (Anova (model, type = 2)), ssyk = i, interaction = "sex and age"))

    model <-lm (log(salary) ~ year_n * sex + poly(age_n, 3), data = temp)
    summary_table <- bind_rows (summary_table, mutate (tidy (summary (model)), ssyk = i, interaction = "sex and year"))
    anova_table <- bind_rows (anova_table, mutate (tidy (Anova (model, type = 2)), ssyk = i, interaction = "sex and year"))

    model <-lm (log(salary) ~ sex + year_n * poly(age_n, 3), data = temp)
    summary_table <- bind_rows (summary_table, mutate (tidy (summary (model)), ssyk = i, interaction = "year and age"))
    anova_table <- bind_rows (anova_table, mutate (tidy (Anova (model, type = 2)), ssyk = i, interaction = "year and age"))

    model <-lm (log(salary) ~ sex * year_n * poly(age_n, 3), data = temp)
    summary_table <- bind_rows (summary_table, mutate (tidy (summary (model)), ssyk = i, interaction = "sex, year and age"))
    anova_table <- bind_rows (anova_table, mutate (tidy (Anova (model, type = 2)), ssyk = i, interaction = "sex, year and age"))
    }
}
## Note: model has aliased coefficients
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anova_table <- anova_table %>% rowwise() %>% mutate(contcol = str_count(term, ":")) 

summary_table <- summary_table %>% rowwise() %>% mutate(contcol = str_count(term, ":"))

merge(summary_table, anova_table, by = c("ssyk", "interaction"), all = TRUE) %>%
  filter (term.x == "year_n") %>%
  filter (contcol.y > 0) %>%    
  # only look at the interactions between all three variables
  filter (!(contcol.y == 1 & interaction == "sex, year and age")) %>% 
  
  mutate (estimate = (exp(estimate) - 1) * 100) %>%  
  ggplot () +
    geom_point (mapping = aes(x = estimate, y = statistic.y, colour = interaction)) +
    labs(
      x = "Increase in salaries (% / year)",
      y = "F-value for interaction"
    )   

Figure 1: The significance of the interaction between age, year, sex on the salary in Sweden, a comparison between different occupational groups, Year 2014 – 2018

The tables with all occupational groups sorted by F-value in descending order.

merge(summary_table, anova_table, c("ssyk", "interaction"), all = TRUE) %>%
  filter (term.x == "year_n") %>%
  filter (contcol.y > 0) %>%   
  filter (interaction == "sex and age") %>%
  mutate (estimate = (exp(estimate) - 1) * 100) %>%  
  select (ssyk, estimate, statistic.y, interaction) %>%
  rename (`F-value for age` = statistic.y) %>%
  rename (`Increase in salary` = estimate) %>%
  arrange (desc (`F-value for age`)) %>%
  knitr::kable(
    booktabs = TRUE,
    caption = 'Correlation for F-value (sex and age) and the yearly increase in salaries')

merge(summary_table, anova_table, c("ssyk", "interaction"), all = TRUE) %>%
  filter (term.x == "year_n") %>%
  filter (contcol.y > 0) %>%   
  filter (interaction == "sex and year") %>%
  mutate (estimate = (exp(estimate) - 1) * 100) %>%  
  select (ssyk, estimate, statistic.y, interaction) %>%
  rename (`F-value for age` = statistic.y) %>%
  rename (`Increase in salary` = estimate) %>%
  arrange (desc (`F-value for age`)) %>%
  knitr::kable(
    booktabs = TRUE,
    caption = 'Correlation for F-value (sex and year) and the yearly increase in salaries')

merge(summary_table, anova_table, c("ssyk", "interaction"), all = TRUE) %>%
  filter (term.x == "year_n") %>%
  filter (contcol.y > 0) %>%   
  filter (interaction == "year and age") %>%
  mutate (estimate = (exp(estimate) - 1) * 100) %>%  
  select (ssyk, estimate, statistic.y, interaction) %>%
  rename (`F-value for age` = statistic.y) %>%
  rename (`Increase in salary` = estimate) %>%
  arrange (desc (`F-value for age`)) %>%
  knitr::kable(
    booktabs = TRUE,
    caption = 'Correlation for F-value (year and age) and the yearly increase in salaries')

merge(summary_table, anova_table, c("ssyk", "interaction"), all = TRUE) %>%
  filter (term.x == "year_n") %>%
  filter (contcol.y > 1) %>%   
  filter (interaction == "sex, year and age") %>%
  filter (!(contcol.y == 1 & interaction == "sex, year and age")) %>%   
  mutate (estimate = (exp(estimate) - 1) * 100) %>%  
  select (ssyk, estimate, statistic.y, interaction) %>%
  rename (`F-value for age` = statistic.y) %>%
  rename (`Increase in salary` = estimate) %>%
  arrange (desc (`F-value for age`)) %>%
  knitr::kable(
    booktabs = TRUE,
    caption = 'Correlation for F-value (sex, year and age) and the yearly increase in salaries')

Let’s check what we have found.

temp <- tb %>%
  filter(`occuptional  (SSYK 2012)` == "335 Tax and related government associate professionals")
 
model <-lm (log(salary) ~ year_n + sex * poly(age_n, 3), data = temp) 
 
plot_model(model, type = "pred", terms = c("age_n", "sex"))
## Model has log-transformed response. Back-transforming predictions to original response scale. Standard errors are still on the log-scale.

Figure 2: Highest F-value interaction sex and age, Tax and related government associate professionals

temp <- tb %>%
  filter(`occuptional  (SSYK 2012)` == "341 Social work and religious associate professionals")
 
model <-lm (log(salary) ~ year_n + sex * poly(age_n, 3), data = temp) 
 
plot_model(model, type = "pred", terms = c("age_n", "sex"))
## Model has log-transformed response. Back-transforming predictions to original response scale. Standard errors are still on the log-scale.

Figure 3: Lowest F-value interaction sex and age, Social work and religious associate professionals

temp <- tb %>%
  filter(`occuptional  (SSYK 2012)` == "131 Information and communications technology service managers")
 
model <-lm (log(salary) ~ year_n * sex + poly(age_n, 3), data = temp) 
 
plot_model(model, type = "pred", terms = c("year_n", "sex"))
## Model has log-transformed response. Back-transforming predictions to original response scale. Standard errors are still on the log-scale.

Figure 4: Highest F-value interaction sex and year, Information and communications technology service managers

temp <- tb %>%
  filter(`occuptional  (SSYK 2012)` == "125 Sales and marketing managers")
 
model <-lm (log(salary) ~ year_n * sex + poly(age_n, 3), data = temp) 
 
plot_model(model, type = "pred", terms = c("year_n", "sex"))
## Model has log-transformed response. Back-transforming predictions to original response scale. Standard errors are still on the log-scale.

Figure 5: Lowest F-value interaction sex and year, Sales and marketing managers

temp <- tb %>%
  filter(`occuptional  (SSYK 2012)` == "515 Building caretakers and related workers")
 
model <-lm (log(salary) ~ sex + year_n * poly(age_n, 3), data = temp) 
 
plot_model(model, type = "pred", terms = c("age_n", "year_n"))
## Model has log-transformed response. Back-transforming predictions to original response scale. Standard errors are still on the log-scale.

Figure 6: Highest F-value interaction year and age, Building caretakers and related workers

temp <- tb %>%
  filter(`occuptional  (SSYK 2012)` == "129 Administration and service managers not elsewhere classified")
 
model <-lm (log(salary) ~ sex + year_n * poly(age_n, 3), data = temp) 
 
plot_model(model, type = "pred", terms = c("age_n", "year_n"))
## Model has log-transformed response. Back-transforming predictions to original response scale. Standard errors are still on the log-scale.

Figure 7: Lowest F-value interaction year and age, Administration and service managers not elsewhere classified

temp <- tb %>%
  filter(`occuptional  (SSYK 2012)` == "161 Financial and insurance managers")
 
model <-lm (log(salary) ~ sex * year_n * poly(age_n, 3), data = temp) 
 
plot_model(model, type = "pred", terms = c("age_n", "year_n", "sex"))
## Warning in predict.lm(model, newdata = fitfram, type = "response", se.fit =
## se, : prediction from a rank-deficient fit may be misleading
## Model has log-transformed response. Back-transforming predictions to original response scale. Standard errors are still on the log-scale.

Figure 8: Highest F-value interaction sex, year and age, Financial and insurance managers

temp <- tb %>%
  filter(`occuptional  (SSYK 2012)` == "251 ICT architects, systems analysts and test managers")
 
model <-lm (log(salary) ~ sex * year_n * poly(age_n, 3), data = temp) 
 
plot_model(model, type = "pred", terms = c("age_n", "year_n", "sex"))
## Model has log-transformed response. Back-transforming predictions to original response scale. Standard errors are still on the log-scale.

Figure 9: Lowest F-value interaction sex, year and age, ICT architects, systems analysts and test managers

We proceed by examining the interaction between education, year, gender.

The data table is downloaded from Statistics Sweden. It is saved as a comma-delimited file without heading, 000000CY.csv, http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/.

The table: Average basic salary, monthly salary and women´s salary as a percentage of men´s salary by sector, occupational group (SSYK 2012), sex and educational level (SUN). Year 2014 – 2018 Monthly salary All sectors

I will use a categorical predictor to fit the contribution of education to the salary.

In the plot and tables, you can also find information on how the increase in salaries per year for each occupational group is affected when the interactions are taken into account.

tb <- readfile("000000CY.csv") %>% 
  mutate(edulevel = `level of education`)

numedulevel <- read.csv("edulevel.csv") 
  
tbnum <- tb %>% 
  right_join(numedulevel, by = c("level of education" = "level.of.education")) %>%
  filter(!is.na(eduyears)) %>%
  mutate(eduyears = factor(eduyears))
## Warning: Column `level of education`/`level.of.education` joining character
## vector and factor, coercing into character vector
summary_table = vector()
anova_table = vector()
for (i in unique(tbnum$`occuptional  (SSYK 2012)`)){
  temp <- filter(tbnum, `occuptional  (SSYK 2012)` == i)
  if (dim(temp)[1] > 30){
    model <-lm (log(salary) ~ year_n + sex * edulevel, data = temp)
    summary_table <- rbind (summary_table, mutate (tidy (summary (model)), ssyk = i, interaction = "sex and edulevel"))
    anova_table <- rbind (anova_table, mutate (tidy (Anova (model, type = 2)), ssyk = i, interaction = "sex and edulevel"))
    
    model <-lm (log(salary) ~ year_n * sex + edulevel, data = temp)
    summary_table <- rbind (summary_table, mutate (tidy (summary (model)), ssyk = i, interaction = "sex and year"))
    anova_table <- rbind (anova_table, mutate (tidy (Anova (model, type = 2)), ssyk = i, interaction = "sex and year"))

    model <-lm (log(salary) ~ sex + year_n * edulevel, data = temp)
    summary_table <- rbind (summary_table, mutate (tidy (summary (model)), ssyk = i, interaction = "year and edulevel"))
    anova_table <- rbind (anova_table, mutate (tidy (Anova (model, type = 2)), ssyk = i, interaction = "year and edulevel"))
    
    model <-lm (log(salary) ~ year_n * sex * edulevel, data = temp)
    summary_table <- rbind (summary_table, mutate (tidy (summary (model)), ssyk = i, interaction = "sex, year and edulevel"))
    anova_table <- rbind (anova_table, mutate (tidy (Anova (model, type = 2)), ssyk = i, interaction = "sex, year and edulevel"))   
    }
}  
## Note: model has aliased coefficients
##       sums of squares computed by model comparison
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anova_table <- anova_table %>% rowwise() %>% mutate(contcol = str_count(term, ":"))  

summary_table <- summary_table %>% rowwise() %>% mutate(contcol = str_count(term, ":"))

merge(summary_table, anova_table, by = c("ssyk", "interaction"), all = TRUE) %>%
  filter (term.x == "year_n") %>%
  filter (contcol.y > 0) %>%  
  filter (!(contcol.y == 1 & interaction == "sex, year and edulevel")) %>% 
  mutate (estimate = (exp(estimate) - 1) * 100) %>%
  ggplot () +
    geom_point (mapping = aes(x = estimate, y = statistic.y, colour = interaction)) +
    labs(
      x = "Increase in salaries (% / year)",
      y = "F-value for education"
    ) 

Figure 10: The significance of education, year, sex and the interaction between them on the salary in Sweden, a comparison between different occupational groups, Year 2014 – 2018

The table with all occupational groups sorted by F-value in descending order.

merge(summary_table, anova_table, c("ssyk", "interaction"), all = TRUE) %>%
  filter (term.x == "year_n") %>%
  filter (contcol.y > 0) %>%   
  filter (interaction == "sex and edulevel") %>%
  mutate (estimate = (exp(estimate) - 1) * 100) %>%  
  select (ssyk, estimate, statistic.y, interaction) %>%
  rename (`F-value for age` = statistic.y) %>%
  rename (`Increase in salary` = estimate) %>%
  arrange (desc (`F-value for age`)) %>%
  knitr::kable(
    booktabs = TRUE,
    caption = 'Correlation for F-value (sex and edulevel) and the yearly increase in salaries')

merge(summary_table, anova_table, c("ssyk", "interaction"), all = TRUE) %>%
  filter (term.x == "year_n") %>%
  filter (contcol.y > 0) %>%   
  filter (interaction == "sex and year") %>%
  mutate (estimate = (exp(estimate) - 1) * 100) %>%  
  select (ssyk, estimate, statistic.y, interaction) %>%
  rename (`F-value for age` = statistic.y) %>%
  rename (`Increase in salary` = estimate) %>%
  arrange (desc (`F-value for age`)) %>%
  knitr::kable(
    booktabs = TRUE,
    caption = 'Correlation for F-value (sex and year) and the yearly increase in salaries')

merge(summary_table, anova_table, c("ssyk", "interaction"), all = TRUE) %>%
  filter (term.x == "year_n") %>%
  filter (contcol.y > 0) %>%   
  filter (interaction == "year and edulevel") %>%
  mutate (estimate = (exp(estimate) - 1) * 100) %>%  
  select (ssyk, estimate, statistic.y, interaction) %>%
  rename (`F-value for age` = statistic.y) %>%
  rename (`Increase in salary` = estimate) %>%
  arrange (desc (`F-value for age`)) %>%
  knitr::kable(
    booktabs = TRUE,
    caption = 'Correlation for F-value (year and edulevel) and the yearly increase in salaries')

merge(summary_table, anova_table, c("ssyk", "interaction"), all = TRUE) %>%
  filter (term.x == "year_n") %>%
  filter (contcol.y > 1) %>%   
  filter (interaction == "sex, year and edulevel") %>%
  filter (!(contcol.y == 1 & interaction == "sex, year and edulevel")) %>% 
  mutate (estimate = (exp(estimate) - 1) * 100) %>%  
  select (ssyk, estimate, statistic.y, interaction) %>%
  rename (`F-value for age` = statistic.y) %>%
  rename (`Increase in salary` = estimate) %>%
  arrange (desc (`F-value for age`)) %>%
  knitr::kable(
    booktabs = TRUE,
    caption = 'Correlation for F-value (sex, year and edulevel) and the yearly increase in salaries')

temp <- tbnum %>%
  filter(`occuptional  (SSYK 2012)` == "231 University and higher education teachers") 
 
model <-lm (log(salary) ~ year_n + sex * eduyears, data = temp)
 
plot_model(model, type = "pred", terms = c("eduyears", "sex"))
## Model has log-transformed response. Back-transforming predictions to original response scale. Standard errors are still on the log-scale.

Figure 11: Highest F-value interaction sex and education level, University and higher education teachers

temp <- tbnum %>%
  filter(`occuptional  (SSYK 2012)` == "814 Machine operators, rubber, plastic and paper products") 
 
model <-lm (log(salary) ~ year_n + sex * eduyears, data = temp)
 
plot_model(model, type = "pred", terms = c("eduyears", "sex"))
## Warning in predict.lm(model, newdata = fitfram, type = "response", se.fit =
## se, : prediction from a rank-deficient fit may be misleading
## Model has log-transformed response. Back-transforming predictions to original response scale. Standard errors are still on the log-scale.

Figure 12: Lowest F-value interaction sex and education level, Machine operators, rubber, plastic and paper products

temp <- tbnum %>%
  filter(`occuptional  (SSYK 2012)` == "534 Attendants, personal assistants and related workers") 
 
model <-lm (log(salary) ~ sex + year_n * eduyears, data = temp)
 
plot_model(model, type = "pred", terms = c("year_n", "eduyears"))
## Model has log-transformed response. Back-transforming predictions to original response scale. Standard errors are still on the log-scale.

Figure 13: Highest F-value interaction year and education level, Attendants, personal assistants and related workers

temp <- tbnum %>%
  filter(`occuptional  (SSYK 2012)` == "814 Machine operators, rubber, plastic and paper products") 
 
model <-lm (log(salary) ~ sex + year_n * eduyears, data = temp)
 
plot_model(model, type = "pred", terms = c("year_n", "eduyears"))
## Model has log-transformed response. Back-transforming predictions to original response scale. Standard errors are still on the log-scale.

Figure 14: Lowest F-value interaction year and education level, Machine operators, rubber, plastic and paper products

temp <- tbnum %>%
  filter(`occuptional  (SSYK 2012)` == "262 Museum curators and librarians and related professionals") 
 
model <-lm (log(salary) ~ sex * year_n + edulevel, data = temp)
 
plot_model(model, type = "pred", terms = c("year_n", "sex"))
## Model has log-transformed response. Back-transforming predictions to original response scale. Standard errors are still on the log-scale.

Figure 15: Highest F-value interaction sex and year, Museum curators and librarians and related professionals

temp <- tbnum %>%
  filter(`occuptional  (SSYK 2012)` == "961 Recycling collectors") 
 
model <-lm (log(salary) ~ sex * year_n + edulevel, data = temp)
 
plot_model(model, type = "pred", terms = c("year_n", "sex"))
## Model has log-transformed response. Back-transforming predictions to original response scale. Standard errors are still on the log-scale.

Figure 16: Lowest F-value interaction sex and year, Recycling collectors

temp <- tbnum %>%
  filter(`occuptional  (SSYK 2012)` == "311 Physical and engineering science technicians") 
 
model <-lm (log(salary) ~ sex * year_n * eduyears, data = temp)
 
plot_model(model, type = "pred", terms = c("year_n", "eduyears", "sex"))    
## Model has log-transformed response. Back-transforming predictions to original response scale. Standard errors are still on the log-scale.

Figure 17: Highest F-value interaction sex, year and education level, Physical and engineering science technicians

temp <- tbnum %>%
  filter(`occuptional  (SSYK 2012)` == "216 Architects and surveyors") 
 
model <-lm (log(salary) ~ sex * year_n * eduyears, data = temp)
 
plot_model(model, type = "pred", terms = c("year_n", "eduyears", "sex"))    
## Warning in predict.lm(model, newdata = fitfram, type = "response", se.fit =
## se, : prediction from a rank-deficient fit may be misleading
## Model has log-transformed response. Back-transforming predictions to original response scale. Standard errors are still on the log-scale.

Figure 18: Lowest F-value interaction sex, year and education level, Architects and surveyors