Introduction

Automating the execution, testing and deployment of R work is a very powerful tool to ensure the reproducibility, quality and overall robustness of the code that we are building, be it for data analysis and modeling purposes, developing R packages or even blogging. Modern tools also provide a free an easy to use way of achieving this goal.

In this post, we will show a quick and simple way to automate R data analysis and package development checking, testing and installation with GitLab CI/CD and provide example files that can be used for testing packages and deploying blogdown-based websites.

Contents

1. A quick overview of CI/CD and GitLab’s approach to it
2. The simplest example with R use
3. Example pipeline for R package testing and deployment
4. Docker images for R users and developers
5. TL;DR: Just show it to me in action
6. References

A quick overview of CI/CD and GitLab’s approach to it

In this paragraph, we will try to introduce GitLab CI/CD and it prerequisites in very simple and practical terms, at the cost of technical precision. Terms will be linked to relevant pages for those interested in precise definitions. We will also focus on using the CI/CD provided directly on GitLab. It is also possible to use it on your own infrastructure, but this is out of the scope of this introductory post.

The simplest example with R use

To make the post a bit less abstract and more practical, here is an overly simplified example of GitLab CI/CD used with R, which just runs the current version of R and prints the mtcars dataset:

• The repository
• The .gitlab-ci.yml file
• An overview of pipeline runs
• An example output of a run

Let’s have a look at this very simplistic .gitlab-ci.yml:

image: r-base

test:
  script:
  - R -e 'print(datasets::mtcars)'

We see the following:

• image: r-base tells GitLab CI/CD to use the r-base Docker image for the run – more on that later
• the rest of the yaml tells GitLab CI/CD to run a job named test, its task is to execute a script defined as R -e 'print(datasets::mtcars)', meaning just to run R and print the mtcars dataset

Now let us take a look at a more useful example for developing R packages.

Example pipeline for R package testing and deployment

We can use GitLab CI/CD to automatically

1. Build our package
2. Perform the R CMD check and investigate if we have any errors, warnings or notes
3. Run our unit tests
4. Check our testing coverage and finally
5. Install the package and potentially use it to perform more actions

GitLab CI/CD Pipeline for an R package

An example .gitlab-ci.yml with a pipeline based on a Docker image to test an R package can look as follows. Note that this is most likely overkill and too spacious, one could have a pipeline that is way shorter for this purpose:

image: jozefhajnala/rdev:3.4.4

stages:
  - build
  - document
  - check
  - test
  - deploy

variables:
  _R_CHECK_CRAN_INCOMING_: "false"
  _R_CHECK_FORCE_SUGGESTS_: "true"
  CODECOV_TOKEN: "2329aed3-de38-468c-9a06-95564363211c"

before_script:
  - apt-get update

buildbinary:
  stage: build
  script:
    - r -e 'devtools::build(binary = TRUE)'

documentation:
  stage: document
  script:
    - r inst/ci/document.R

checkerrors:
  stage: check
  script:
    - r -e 'if (!identical(devtools::check(document = FALSE, args = "--no-tests")[["errors"]], character(0))) stop("Check with Errors")'

checkwarnings:
  stage: check
  script:
    - r -e 'if (!identical(devtools::check(document = FALSE, args = "--no-tests")[["warnings"]], character(0))) stop("Check with Warnings")'

checknotes:
  stage: check
  script:
    - r -e 'if (!identical(devtools::check(document = FALSE, args = "--no-tests")[["notes"]], character(0))) stop("Check with Notes")'

unittests:
  stage: test
  script:
    - r -e 'if (any(as.data.frame(devtools::test())[["failed"]] > 0)) stop("Some tests failed.")'

codecov:
  stage: test
  script:
    - r -e 'covr::codecov()'

install:
  stage: deploy
  script:
    - r -e 'devtools::install()'

Now let’s again take a look at the content:

• image – a docker image to use for the pipeline
• stages – defines the ordering of job execution, jobs of the same stage are run in parallel, jobs of the next stage are run after the jobs from the previous stage complete successfully. Stages are the “columns” of the chart below.
• variables – used to pass environment variables to the jobs
• before_script – used to define commands that should be run before all jobs. An example is installing a needed R package that is not contained in our Docker image.

The rest are jobs definitions. Each job has a stage, which defines in which stage it is ran, where multiple jobs can be included in one stage. A script essentially defines what to do. For R uses, this can usually be:

• Rscript -e '<r commands>' to execute R commands specified between the quotes
• Rscript pathtoscript.R to execute a script stored in a file
• for littler users, we can replace Rscript with r for similar purposes as above

Docker images for R users and developers

As we have seen, most of the pipelines start with image: <image>. This tells GitLab to use the specified Docker image for the run, which is extremely useful because a suitable Docker image will include all the software that we need to execute our analyses, modeling or other tasks, without us having to install that software within the .yaml file. Example of such software available in an image for R use is, obviously, R and other dependencies such as additional packages.

If you would like to read more about Docker, Colin Fay has you covered with his Introduction to Docker for R Users. For now, let’s just assume that using this image provides GitLab with a place that has R (and all needed packages) installed and can run the specified scripts for us.

One of the great things about Docker images is that they are easy to share and adapt. A huge thank you and kudos go to Carl Boettiger and Dirk Eddelbuettel, who maintain the Rocker project which provides a collection of images suited for different R needs built on Debian.

My personal favorites from the Rocker project are

• r-ver images – providing an environment fixed in time, including using a specifically dated MRAN repository. Have a look at their Dockerfiles on GitHub. The image used by my CI pipeline for testing packages is adapted from r-ver:3.4.4.
• r-base for the current version of base R. Have a look at the Dockerfile on GitHub

TL;DR: Just show it to me in action

In case you are only interested in seeing the CI/CD pipeline work in action for some R uses, you can look at:

References

• GitLab Continuous Integration documentation
• GitLab CI/CD Pipeline Configuration Reference
• Colin Fay’s Introduction to Docker for R Users
• Building an R Project with Travis CI
• Docker images for R on the Rocker Project