When A Fire Starts to Burn – Fiery 1.0 released

I’m pleased to announce that fiery has been updated to version 1.0 and is now available on CRAN. As the version bump suggests, this is a rather major update to the package, fixing and improving upon the framework based on my experience with it, as well as introducing a number of breaking changes. Below, I will go through the major points of the update, but also give an overview of the framework itself, as I did not have this blog when it was first released and information on the framework is thus scarce on the internet (except this nice little post by Bob Rudis).

Significant changes in v1.0

The new version of fiery introduces both small and large changes. I’ll start by listing the breaking changes that one should be aware of in existing fiery servers, and then continue to describe other major changes.

Embracing reqres BREAKING

My reqres package was recently released and has been adopted by fiery as the interface for working with HTTP messaging. I have been a bit torn on whether to build reqres into fiery or simply let routr use it internally, but in the end the benefits of a more powerful interface to HTTP requests and responses far outweighed the added dependency and breaking change.

The change means that everywhere a request object is handed on to an event handler (e.g. handlers listening to the request event) it is no longer passing a rook environment but a Request object. The easiest fix in existing code is to simply extract the rook environment from the Request object using the origin field (this, of course, will not allow you to experience the joy of reqres).

The change to reqres also brings other, smaller, changes to the code base. header event handlers are now expected to return either TRUE or FALSE to indicate whether to proceed or terminate, respectively. Prior to v1.0 they were expected to return either NULL or a rook complaint list response, but as responses are now linked to requests, returning them does not make sense. In the same vein, the return values of request event handlers are ignored and the response is not passed to after-request event handlers as the response can be extracted directly from the request.

Arguments from before-request and before-message event handlers BREAKING

The before-request and before-message events are fired prior to the actual HTTP request and WebSocket message handling. The return values from any handler is passed on as arguments to the request and message handlers respectively and these events can thus be used to inject data into the main request and message handling. Prior to v1.0 these values were passed in directly as named arguments, but will now be passed in as a list in the arg_list argument. This is much easier and consistent to work with. An example of the change is:

# Old interface
app <- Fire$new()
app$on('before-request', function(...) {
    list(arg1 = 'Hello', arg2 = 'World')
})
app$on('request', function(arg1, arg2, ...) {
    message(arg1, ' ', arg2)
})

# New interface
app <- Fire$new()
app$on('before-request', function(...) {
    list(arg1 = 'Hello', arg2 = 'World')
})
app$on('request', function(arg_list, ...) {
    message(arg_list$arg1, ' ', arg_list$arg2)
})

As can be seen the code ends up being a bit more verbose, but the argument list will be much more predictable.

Embracing snake_case BREAKING

When I first started developing fiery I was young and confused (?). Bottom line I don’t think my naming scheme was very elegant. While consistent (snake_case for methods and camelCase for fields), this mix is a bit foreign and I’ve decided to use this major release to clean up in the naming and use snake_case consistently throughout fiery. This has the effect of renaming the triggerDir field to trigger_dir and refreshRate to refresh_rate. Furthermore this change is taken to its conclusion by also changing the plugin interface and require plugins to expose an on_attach() method rather than an onAttach() method.

Keeping the event cycle in non-blocking mode

fiery supports running the server in both a blocking and a non-blocking way (that is, whether control should be returned to the user after the server is started, or not). Before v1.0 the two modes were not equal in their life cycle events as only the blocking server had support for cycle-start and cycle-end events as well as handling of timed, delayed, and async evaluation. This has changed and the lifetime of an app running in the two different modes are now the same. To achieve this fiery uses the later package to continually schedule cycle evaluation for execution. This means that no matter the timing, cycles will only be executed if the R process is idle, and it also has the slight inconvenience of not allowing to stop a server as part of a cycle event (Bug report here: https://github.com/rstudio/httpuv/issues/78). Parallel to the refresh rate of a blocking server, the refresh rate of a non-blocking server can be set using the refresh_rate_nb field. By default it is longer than that of a blocking server, to give the R process more room to receive instructions from the console.

Mounting a server

With v1.0 it is now possible to specify the root of a fiery server. The root is the part of the URL path that is stripped from the path before sending requests on to the handler. This means that it is possible to create sub-app in fiery that do not care at which location they are run. If e.g. the root is set to /demo/app then requests made for /demo/app/... will look like /... internally, and switching the location of the app does not require any change in the underlying app logic or routing. The root defaults to '' (nothing), but can be changed with the root field.

Package documentation

Documentation can never by too good. The state of affairs for documenting classes based on reference semantics is not perfect in R, and I still struggle with the best setup. Still, the current iteration of the documentation is a vast improvement, compared to the previous release. Notable changes include separate entries for documentation of events and plugins.

Grab bag

The host and port can now be set during construction using the host and port arguments in Fire$new(). Fire objects now has a print method, making them much nicer to look at. The host, port, and root is now advertised when a server starts. WebSocket connections can now be closed from the server using the close_ws_con method.

A Fiery Overview

As promised in the beginning, I’ll end with giving an overview of how fiery is used. I’ll do this by updating Bob’s prediction server to the bright future where routr and reqres makes life easy for you:

We’ll start by making our fancy AI-machine-learning model of linear regressiveness:

set.seed(1492)
x <- rnorm(15)
y <- x + rnorm(15)
fit <- lm(y ~ x)
saveRDS(fit, "model.rds")

With this at our disposable, we can begin to build up our app:

library(fiery)
library(routr)
app <- Fire$new()

# When the app starts, we'll load the model we saved. Instead of
# polluting our namespace we'll use the internal data store

app$on('start', function(server, ...) {
  server$set_data('model', readRDS('model.rds'))
  message('Model loaded')
})

# Just for show off, we'll make it so that the model is atomatically
# passed on to the request handlers

app$on('before-request', function(server, ...) {
    list(model = server$get_data('model'))
})

# Now comes the biggest deviation. We'll use routr to define our request
# logic, as this is much nicer
router <- RouteStack$new()
route <- Route$new()
router$add_route(route, 'main')

# We start with a catch-all route that provides a welcoming html page
route$add_handler('get', '*', function(request, response, keys, ...) {
    response$type <- 'html'
    response$status <- 200L
    response$body <- '<h1>All your AI are belong to us</h1>'
    TRUE
})
# Then on to the /info route
route$add_handler('get', '/info', function(request, response, keys, ...) {
    response$status <- 200L
    response$body <- structure(R.Version(), class = 'list')
    response$format(json = reqres::format_json())
    TRUE
})
# Lastly we add the /predict route
route$add_handler('get', '/predict', function(request, response, keys, arg_list, ...) {
    response$body <- predict(
        arg_list$model, 
        data.frame(x=as.numeric(request$query$val)),
        se.fit = TRUE
    )
    response$status <- 200L
    response$format(json = reqres::format_json())
    TRUE
})
# And just to show off reqres file handling, we'll add a route 
# for getting a model plot
route$add_handler('get', '/plot', function(request, response, keys, arg_list, ...) {
    f_path <- tempfile(fileext = '.png')
    png(f_path)
    plot(arg_list$model)
    dev.off()
    response$status <- 200L
    response$file <- f_path
    TRUE
})

# Finally we attach the router to the fiery server
app$attach(router)

app$ignite(block = FALSE)

## Fire started at 127.0.0.1:8080

## Model loaded

As can be seen, routr makes the request logic nice and compartmentalized, while reqres makes it easy to work with HTTP messages. What is less apparent is the work that fiery is doing underneath, but that is exactly the point. While it is possible to use a lot of the advanced features in fiery, you don’t have to – often it is as simple as building up a router and attaching it to a fiery instance. Even WebSocket messaging can be offloaded to the router if you so wish.

Of course a simple prediction service is easy to build up in most frameworks – it is the To-Do app of data science web server tutorials. I hope to get the time to create some more fully fledged example apps soon. Next up in the fiery stack pipeline is getting routr on CRAN as well and then begin working on some of the plugins that will facilitate security, authentication, data storage, etc.