A first step towards R from spreadsheets

Move your data analysis to a computing environment specifically designed for it.

Why R and not spreadsheets?

Here are three reasons:

• complexity
• graphics
• money

Spreadsheets are easily overwhelmed.  Very complex things can be done in spreadsheets — it is just that complex spreadsheets are inefficient and dangerous.

Graphics should be considered vital when doing anything with data.  R has amazing graphical capabilities.

It is becoming more and more common for advertisements for jobs involving data analysis to mention R.  The demand for people who know R is growing rapidly.  The jobs that mention R are better paid than those that just require spreadsheets.  And rightly so — data analysis is done better and faster in R.

If you are an employer, you will get more data analysis for the amount you spend by moving to R (plus the analyses are more likely to be bug-free).  If you do data analysis, then you may be able to get higher pay by knowing R — maybe not now but probably soon.

Get to the starting gate

Obviously you need to install R on your computer before you can use it.  That’s easy to do — you’re unlikely to have any problems.

You can use R as you’ve just downloaded it, but a nicer way is via RStudio, which also appears to have non-problematic installation. I believe that if you install RStudio without installing R first, then it will do the R installation as well.

Read in some data

If you have files of data in either comma separated or tab separated format, then it is (usually) easy to read those files into R:

• reading tab separated files into R
• reading comma separated files into R

Here’s the comma separated example:

superbowl <- read.table(
  "http://www.portfolioprobe.com/R/blog/dowjones_super.csv", 
  sep=",", header=TRUE)

The command above reads the data from the file and puts it into an object called superbowl.

You can create a plot with this data:

plot(DowJonesSimpleReturn ~ Winner, data=superbowl)

That command makes a rather austere plot.  You can make it prettier with some minor additions as in Figure 1:

plot(100 * DowJonesSimpleReturn ~ Winner, 
   data=superbowl, col="powderblue", ylab="Return (%)")

Figure 1: Boxplot of Super Bowl data. 

If you don’t understand them, you should read an explanation of boxplots.  You can also learn about the somewhat horrifying story of the Super Bowl data.

Data frames are familiar

The superbowl object that was created above is a data frame.  Data frames are R objects that are very much like the most common way of using spreadsheets:

• the data are rectangular
• columns hold variables
• rows hold observations

In both spreadsheets and R there are likely to be different types of data in different columns: numbers, character data, dates and so on.  The difference is that R forces there to be only one type of data in a column.

You can look at the first few rows:

> head(superbowl)
       Winner DowJonesSimpleReturn DowJonesUpDown DowJonesCorrect
1967 National           0.15199379             Up         correct
1968 National           0.04269094             Up         correct
1969 American          -0.15193642           Down         correct
1970 American           0.04817832             Up           wrong
1971 American           0.06112621             Up           wrong
1972 National           0.14583240             Up         correct

The “> ” is R’s prompt, you type what is after it (and hit the “return” or “enter” key).

You can also see how big it is:

> dim(superbowl)
[1] 45  4

This says that there are 45 rows and 4 columns.  You might have expected the number of columns to be 5 and not 4.  The years on the very left are row names rather than actually part of the data, similar to how “Winner” is a column name and not part of the data proper.

A slice of computing

R includes a number of datasets that are automatically attached.  One of them is airquality:

> tail(airquality)
    Ozone Solar.R Wind Temp Month Day
148    14      20 16.6   63     9  25
149    30     193  6.9   70     9  26
150    NA     145 13.2   77     9  27
151    14     191 14.3   75     9  28
152    18     131  8.0   76     9  29
153    20     223 11.5   68     9  30

You can ask for help on this object:

?airquality

This is the same way you ask for help for functions.

The temperature is in Fahrenheit. You can create a new object that is temperature in Celsius:

Ct <- with(airquality, (Temp - 32) / 1.8)

The last few values in this object are:

> tail(Ct)
[1] 17.22222 21.11111 25.00000 23.88889 24.44444
[6] 20.00000

The Ct object is a vector, not a data frame.

Alternatively, you can make a new data frame with an additional column containing the temperature in Celsius:

newAir <- within(airquality, Ctemp <- (Temp - 32) / 1.8)

Of course, you can look at the first few rows of the new object:

> head(newair)
Error in head(newair) : object 'newair' not found

This wrong command shows that:

• R is case-sensitive: newAir is different from newair
• the world doesn’t end if you make a mistake

The proper command is:

> head(newAir)
  Ozone Solar.R Wind Temp Month Day    Ctemp
1    41     190  7.4   67     5   1 19.44444
2    36     118  8.0   72     5   2 22.22222
3    12     149 12.6   74     5   3 23.33333
4    18     313 11.5   62     5   4 16.66667
5    NA      NA 14.3   56     5   5 13.33333
6    28      NA 14.9   66     5   6 18.88889

Some R resources

“Impatient R” provides a grounding in how to use R.

“Some hints for the R beginner” suggests additional ways to learn R.

R For Dummies is one possible book to use to learn R.  In particular, it has a chapter called: “Ten Things You Can Do in R That You Would’ve Done in Microsoft Excel”.  Those things include:

• Adding row and column totals
• Formatting numbers
• Finding unique or duplicated values
• Working with lookup tables
• Working with pivot tables
• Using the goal seek and solver

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