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An interesting sampling method that was covered briefly in my Bayesian statistics course was rejection sampling. Since I have nothing better to do, I thought it would be fun to make an acceptance-rejection algorithm using R. FUN!
The Rejection Sampling method is usually used to simulate data from an unknown distribution. To do this one samples from a distribution that covers the suport of the unknown distribution and use certain criteria for accepting/rejecting the sampled values. One way to do this is as follows (Rice, p 92).
Where M(x) is a function such that M(x) ≥ ƒ(x) on [a,b].
To keep things simple for myself I will be simulating a Beta distribution with parameters 6 and 3 (ƒ). To do this I will sample T’s from a scaled uniform distribution (M), and reject sampled values where M(T)*U ≥ ƒ(T).
In a plot of the beta distribution with parameters 6 and 3 we can see that the ƒ(x) never goes above 3. For this reason I chose to scale the uniform distribution M by multiplying it by 3.
Here is the R code to implement rejection sampling for 100,000 observations in this example.
sample.x = runif(100000,0,1)
accept = c()
for(i in 1:length(sample.x)){
U = runif(1, 0, 1)
if(dunif(sample.x[i], 0, 1)*3*U <= dbeta(sample.x[i], 6, 3)) { accept[i] = 'Yes' } else if(dunif(sample.x[i],0,1)*3*U > dbeta(sample.x[i], 6, 3)) {
accept[i] = 'No'
}
}
T = data.frame(sample.x, accept = factor(accept, levels= c('Yes','No')))
We can plot the results along with the true distribution with the following code.
hist(T[,1][T$accept=='Yes'], breaks = seq(0,1,0.01), freq = FALSE, main = 'Histogram of X', xlab = 'X')
lines(x, dbeta(x,6,3))
With 100,000 observations sampled, the data fit very well.
We can look at the densities of both the accepted and rejected values to get an idea of what’s going on.
library(ggplot2)
print(qplot(sample.x, data = T, geom = 'density', color = accept))
Looking at a stacked histogram of all the sampled values together we can really see how much wasted data there are in this example.
print(qplot(sample.x, data = T, geom = 'histogram', fill = accept, binwidth=0.01))
In fact, when I ran this example I got 33,114 accepted values and 66,886 rejected values. I probably could have chosen a better value than 3 to scale the uniform distribution, but ideally rejection sampling uses a known distribution that is only slightly different from the unknown distribution we’re trying to estimate.
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