Using R for Introductory Statistics, 3.1

Pairs of categorical data

The grades data.frame holds two columns of letter grades, giving pairs of categorical data, like so:

    prev grade
1    B+    B+ 
2    A-    A- 
3    B+    A- 
...
122  B     B

This type of data can be summarized by the table function, which counts the occurrence of each possible pair of letter grades. But first, I was never a fan of plus-minus grading, so lets do away with that.

> grades2 <- data.frame( prev=factor(gsub("[+]|-| ", "", as.character(grades$prev)), levels=c('A','B','C','D','F')), grade=factor(gsub("[+]|-| ", "", as.character(grades$grade)), levels=c('A','B','C','D','F')) )


> table(grades2)
    grade
prev  A  B  C  D  F
   A 22  6  3  2  0
   B  4 15  5  1  3
   C  3  2  9  9  7
   D  0  1  4  3  1
   F  1  2  4  4 11

You might want to compute row (1) or column (2) sums, using margin.table:

> margin.table(table(grades2), 1)
prev
 A  B  C  D  F 
33 28 30  9 22 

Of the students who got an A on the first test, what proportion also got an A on the second test? Those types of questions are answered by prop.table().

> options(digits=1)
> prop.table(table(grades2), 1)
    grade
prev    A    B    C    D    F
   A 0.67 0.18 0.09 0.06 0.00
   B 0.14 0.54 0.18 0.04 0.11
   C 0.10 0.07 0.30 0.30 0.23
   D 0.00 0.11 0.44 0.33 0.11
   F 0.05 0.09 0.18 0.18 0.50
> options(digits=4)

Finally, this type of data can be displayed as a stacked barplot.

m <- t(as.matrix(florida[,2:3]))
m.prop <- prop.table(m, margin=2)
colnames(m.prop) <- florida$County

# fool around with margins and set style of axis labels
# mar=c(bottom, left, top, right)
# las=2 => always perpendicular to the axis
old = par(mar=c(6,4,6,2)+0.1, las=2)

# cex.names => "character expansion" of bar labels
# args.legend => position the legend out of the plot area
barplot(m.prop[,order(m.prop[2,])], legend.text=T, cex.names=0.40, args.legend=list(x=82,y=1.2), main="2000 Election results in Florida", sub='county')

# reset old parameters
par(old)